https://earthlogs.org/2026/03/27/what-caused-the-younger-dryas-frigid-spell-case-closed/2026-03-27T12:53:38+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/palaeoclimate/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/407458aa.2-3.jpg407458aa.22026-03-26T17:53:42+00:00weekly0.6https://earthlogs.org/2026/03/18/how-do-subducted-slabs-accumulate-at-different-mantle-depths/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/subd-modes.jpgsubd modesFour different modes of subduction at island arcs. Credit: Li et al. Fig 62026-03-18T17:16:56+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2026/03/06/annual-logs-update-2/2026-03-06T17:01:52+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/physical-resources/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/bagger_288_3.jpgbagger_288_3A self propelled MAN TAKRAF bucketwheel excavator (Bagger 293) crossing a road in Germany. (Credit: u/loerez, Reddit)2026-03-06T16:42:08+00:00weekly0.6https://earthlogs.org/tectonics/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/407458aa.2-6.jpg407458aa.22026-03-06T16:34:39+00:00weekly0.6https://earthlogs.org/magmatism/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/407458aa.2-2.jpg407458aa.22026-03-06T16:29:37+00:00weekly0.6https://earthlogs.org/planetary-science/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/407458aa.2-4.jpg407458aa.22026-03-05T12:33:08+00:00weekly0.6https://earthlogs.org/geohazards/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/pyroclastic-flow.jpgIMG0008.PCDIMG0008.PCD2026-02-23T14:23:26+00:00weekly0.6https://earthlogs.org/miscellaneous/2026-02-22T17:29:05+00:00weekly0.6https://earthlogs.org/palaeobiology/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/microraptor_gui_holotype.pngmicroraptor_gui_holotype2026-02-21T17:36:40+00:00weekly0.6https://earthlogs.org/2026/02/19/annual-logs-update/2026-02-20T09:41:52+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/human-evolution/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/f22_1.pngF22_12026-02-19T17:11:17+00:00weekly0.6https://earthlogs.org/2026/02/10/vanished-continents-of-the-hadean-eon-the-zircon-key/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/zircon-data.jpgzircon dataPlots of Sc/Yb and U/Nb against ages of zircons (vertical scale logarithmic). Black points are from Jack Hills, red from Barberton. The yellow field represents zircons formed in subduction zones; green suggests stagnant lid tectonics; grey the overlap between the two settings. Credit: Valley et al. Fig 3 a and b.2026-02-15T17:32:00+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2026/01/28/stonehenge-the-geologists-last-word/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/stonehenge-salisbury-plain-england-wiltshire.webpStonehenge-Salisbury-Plain-England-Wiltshirehttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/glacier-max-extent.jpgGlacier max extentMaximum extent of glaciation in SW Britain during the Anglian Stage 478 to 424 ka ago (Credit: Wikipedia Commons)2026-01-28T19:05:37+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2026/01/19/how-vulnerable-are-coastal-zones-to-sea-level-rise/2026-01-23T16:13:02+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2026/01/11/advances-in-hominin-evolution/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/homo-antecessor.jpgHomo-antecessorArtistic reconstruction of a juvenile Homo antecessor, Based on skeletal remains from Gran Dolina Cave2026-01-17T13:34:17+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/12/22/asteroid-bennu-a-lucky-dip-for-nasa-and-planetary-science/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/bennu.pngBennuThe asteroid Bennu, showing its oblate spheroidal shape, due to rotation, and its rubbly structure. Source: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona via Wikimedia Commons2025-12-18T17:04:01+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/12/15/evidence-for-geologically-aware-neanderthals-using-sparks-to-light-fires/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/striking-a-spark-with-flint-and-pyrite.jpgstriking a spark with flint and pyriteStriking sparks with flint and pyrite. Credit: Craig Williams, The Trustees of the British Museum2025-12-15T11:22:29+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/12/10/the-boring-billion-years-of-the-mesoproterozoic-plate-tectonics-and-the-eukaryotes/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/pro-and-eukaryote.jpgpro and eukaryoteSimplified structures of (a) a prokaryote cell; (b) a simple eukaryote animal cell. Plants also contain organelles called chloroplastshttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/carbon-fluxes.jpgcarbon fluxesCarbon influx (million tons per year) into tectonic plates and into the ocean-atmosphere system from 1800 Ma to present. The colour bands represent: total carbon influx into the atmosphere (mauve); sequestered in tectonic plates (green); net atmospheric influx i.e. total minus carbon sequestered into plates (orange). The widths of the bands show the uncertainties of the calculated masses shown as darker coloured lines.2025-12-10T17:53:16+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/12/01/the-hand-of-paranthropus-boisei/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/paranthropus-hand.jpgparanthropus handThe left hand of Paranthropus boisei reconstructed from individual bones, palm-up on the left, palm down on the right. Credit: Mongle et al, Fig 3.2025-12-01T18:14:10+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/11/23/ai-unravels-chemical-signs-of-the-earliest-life-on-earth/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/biogenicity-with-time.jpgbiogenicity with timeFig Percentages of samples designated as biogenic by Wong et al’s AI analysis. Credit: Wong et al, Fig 42025-11-23T15:03:25+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/11/04/a-worm-revolution-and-ecological-transition-before-the-cambrian-explosion/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/trace-fossils.jpgtrace fossilsTadpole-like trace fossils from the Ediacaran Dengying Formation in the Yangtze Gorge: 5 cm scale bars. The ‘heads’ show tiny depressions suggesting that there maker probed into the sediments as well as foraging horizontally. Credit: Zhe Chen & Yarong Liu; Figs 3B and 3Dhttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/pipe-rock.jpgpipe rockBioturbated ‘pipe rock’ of the basal Cambrian sandstones of NW Scotland. Credit: British Geological Survey photograph P5318812025-11-05T12:03:38+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/10/23/a-hint-of-proto-earth-that-predates-moon-formation-by-giant-impact/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/k-40-and-ru-100.jpgK-40 and Ru-100The correlation between ε40K and ε100Ru in meteorites (EC – enstatite chondrites, OC – ordinary chondrites; CC – carbonaceous chondrites), Earth and a geochemically modelled proto-Earth. Credit: Da Wang et al., Fig 22025-10-23T16:29:49+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/10/16/the-final-closure-of-the-iapetus-ocean/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/iapetus.jpgIapetus2025-10-16T11:22:48+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/10/10/gravity-survey-reveals-signs-of-archaean-tectonics-in-canadian-shield/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/abitibi-geophys.jpgAbitibi geophys2025-10-13T14:40:55+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/09/30/a-possible-chinese-ancestor-for-denisovans-neanderthals-and-modern-humans/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/yunxian.jpgYunxianThe distorted Yunxian cranium (right) and its reconstruction (middle) [Credit: Guanghui Zhao] compared with the Harbin Denisovan cranium (left) [Hebei Geo University]2025-09-30T15:28:27+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/09/22/ancient-mining-pollutants-in-river-sediments-reveal-details-of-early-british-economic-history/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/lead-mine-waste.jpgDCIM101MEDIADJI_0090.JPGLead mine spoil heap in North Pennines of England. Credit: North Pennines National Landscape2025-09-20T12:14:47+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/08/29/human-interventions-in-geological-processes/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/anthropoclastic.jpganthropoclastic‘Anthropoclastic’ conglomerate formed from iron-smelting slag dumped on the West Cumbrian coast. It incorporates artefacts as young as the 1980s, showing that it was lithified rapidly. Credit: Owen et al, Supplementary Figure 2 https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/minnesota-dust-bowl.jpgminnesota dust bowlDust Bowl conditions on the Minnesota prairies during the 1930s.2025-08-29T09:59:33+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/08/12/earliest-hominin-occupation-of-sulawesi-and-crossing-of-an-ocean-barrier/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/sulawes-tool.jpgSulawes toolFlaked artefact, about the length of a human thumb, made of chert from excavations at Calio on Sulawesi, dated at 1.02 Ma. Credit: based on Hakim et al Fig 2https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/sundaland.jpgSundalandThe interconnection of SE Asian islands to form Sundaland (yellow) when sea level was 120 m lower than today. Even at that extreme the island of Sulawesi remained isolated by deep ocean water. Credit: based on Hakim et al Fig 1.2025-08-12T15:18:40+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/07/31/did-the-meteor-crater-impact-in-arizona-dam-the-grand-canyon-56-thousand-years-ago/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/grand-canyon-dam.jpggrand canyon damFig Remnants of a landslide, subsequently breached, in the Grand Canyon downstream of Stanton’s Cave. Credit: Richard Herefordhttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/meteor-crater.jpgmeteor craterMeteor Crater, Arizona, USA. Credit: Travel in USA2025-07-30T15:15:54+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/07/28/evolution-of-pigmentation-in-anatomically-modern-humans-of-europe-a-new-paradigm/2025-07-28T16:11:43+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/07/22/the-end-triassic-mass-extinction-and-ocean-acidification/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/dolomites.jpgdolomitesTriassic reef limestones in the Dolomites of northern Italy. Credit: © Matteo Volpone2025-07-28T15:41:23+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/07/11/sagduction-of-greenstone-belts-and-formation-of-archaean-continental-crust/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/sagduction.jpgsagductionTwo stages of TTG gneiss formation in the North China Craton and the sinking (sagduction) of greenstone belts in the second phase. Credit: Dingyi Zhao et al., Fig 4)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/yilgarn-craton.jpgYilgarn cratonSimplified geological map of the Archaean Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia. Credit: Geological Survey of Western Australia2025-07-11T12:28:08+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/06/28/the-worlds-oldest-crust-in-the-nuvvuagittuq-greenstone-belt-quebec/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/nuvvuagittuq.jpgNuvvuagittuqGlacially smoothed beach outcrops at Porpoise Cove near Inukjuak, Quebec that reveals rocks of the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt. Credit: Jonathan O’Neil, University of Ottawa2025-07-01T16:40:39+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/06/19/chinese-skull-confirmed-as-denisovan/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/denisovan-cranium.jpgDenisovan craniumThe cranium found near Harbin, China belonged to a Denisovan. Credit: Hebei Geo University2025-06-19T20:16:49+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/06/09/detecting-oxygenic-photosynthesis-in-the-archaean-earth-system/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/stromatolites.jpgStromatolitesA limestone made of stromatolites2025-06-09T11:43:32+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/06/02/arsenic-an-agent-of-evolutionary-change/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/gabon-fossil.jpgGabon fossilColour photograph and CT scans of Palaeoproterozoic discoidal fossils from the Francevillian Series in Gabon. (Credit: El Albani et al. 2010; Fig. 4).2025-06-02T13:06:07+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/05/28/how-the-earliest-continental-crust-may-have-formed/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/migmatite.jpgmigmatiteA typical migmatite from Antarctica showing dark amphibolites laced with quartzofeldspathic products of partial melting. Credit: Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizonahttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/pilbara.jpgPilbaraLandsat image mosaic of the Palaeoarchaean granite-greenstone terrain of the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Granite bodies show as pale blobs, the volcanic and sedimentary greenstone belts in shades of grey.2025-05-31T10:26:56+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/04/30/impact-debris-in-neoproterozoic-sediments-of-scotland-and-biological-evolution/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/shocked-zircon.jpgshocked zirconFalse-colour electron microscope image of a shocked grain of zircon recovered from the Stac Fada Member. The red and pink material is a high-pressure polymorph of zircon, arranged in shock lamellae. Zircon is rendered in cyan, some of which is in granulated form. Credit: Kirkland et al. 2025, Fig 2C 2025-04-30T16:52:48+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/04/19/a-sign-of-life-on-another-planet-should-we-be-excited/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/churyumov-gerasimenko.jpgchuryumov-gerasimenkoThe coma of Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko yielded both dimethyl sulfide and amino acids to the mass spectrometer carried by ESA’s Rosetta. Credit: ESA.2025-04-19T12:20:12+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/04/14/middle-palaeolithic-neanderthals-and-denisovans-of-east-asia/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/quina-tool-production.jpgQuina tool productionFig Making a typical Quina scraper and related tools. The toolmaker would flake pieces of stone off the core and then carefully shape the Quina scraper. (Image credit: Pei-Yuan Xiao) https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/penghu-1-mandible-.jpgPenghu 1 mandibleRight (top) and downward (lower) views of the partial Penghu mandible. Credit: Yousuke Kaifu University of Tokyo, Japan and Chun-Hsiang Chang Tunghai University, Taichung, 2025-04-14T12:36:27+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/04/07/more-dinosaur-trackways-from-the-jurassic-of-the-isle-of-skye-scotland/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/figs-9-27-theropod-sauropod.jpgFigs 9 27 theropod sauropodFig Dinosaur trackways at Prince Charles's Point on the Isle of Skye: Left carnivorous theropods; Right herbivorous sauropods. The black scales are 1 m long. The images are enhanced fine-scale elevation models of the exposed surfaces that were derived from vertical photographs. Credit: Blakesley et al., Figs 9 and 27.2025-04-08T18:55:09+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/03/28/what-drove-the-cambrian-explosion/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/cambrian-explosion.jpgCambrian explosionA visualisation of the Cambrian Explosion in benthic faunas. Credit: Gabriela Mangano and Luis A. Buatois, 2016 The Cambrian Explosion, Fig 3.152025-03-28T17:50:13+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/03/20/the-earliest-known-impact-structure/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/shatter-cones.jpgshatter coneshttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/pilbara.jpgPilbaraLandsat image mosaic of the Palaeoarchaean granite-greenstone terrain of the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. Granite bodies show as pale blobs, the volcanic and sedimentary greenstone belts in shades of grey. The site of Kirkland et al.’s study site is at the tip of the red arrow2025-03-20T15:50:48+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/03/14/bone-tools-widened-hominins-foraging-options-1-5-ma-ago/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/bone-tools.jpgbone tools‘Front, back and side’ views of a 1.5 Ma old tool made from an elephant humerus – its upper foreleg. The scale bar represents 5 cm. (Credit: de la Torre et al.; Fig 3a)2025-03-13T12:08:41+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/03/13/direct-measurements-of-ancient-atmospheric-composition/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/fluid-inclusion.jpgfluid inclusionA fluid inclusion (about 0.2 mm) trapped in a crystal of halite (NaCl). Credit: alchetron.com2025-03-13T12:02:27+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/03/03/lifes-origins-a-new-variant-on-darwins-warm-little-pond/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/mono-lake.jpgMono LakeMono Lake in semi-arid eastern California - a ‘soda lake’- is so concentrated by evaporation that pillars of carbonate grow above its surface2025-03-03T18:18:12+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/02/24/modelling-climate-change-since-the-devonian/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/ice-line.jpgice lineFluctuation in evidence for the extent of glacial conditions since the Devonian: the ‘ice line’ is grey. The count of glacial proxy occurrences in each 10° of latitude through time is shown in the colour key. Credit: Merdith et al., Fig 2A.2025-02-24T14:06:05+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/02/06/a-cure-for-the-great-british-pothole-plague/2025-02-06T11:50:45+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/01/22/the-origin-of-life-on-earth-new-developments/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/hadean-c-system.jpgHadean C systemThe carbon cycle on the Hadean Earth (Credit: Moody et al. 2024; Figure 3e)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/biomorphs.jpgbiomorphsBiomorphs formed by polymerisation of HCN (Credit: Jenewein, C. et al 2024, Figure 2)2025-02-04T14:19:56+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/01/30/early-hominin-dispersal-in-eurasia/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/cut-marks.jpgcut marksAnimal bones showing cut marks from the 1.95 Ma old Grăunceanu site in Romania. (Credit: Curran et al. 2025, Figs 2A and C)2025-01-30T17:37:12+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2025/01/17/was-venus-once-habitable/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/venus-campuses.jpgVenus campusesPolygonal blocks or ‘campuses’ on the lowland surface of Venus. Note the zones of ridges that roughly parallel ‘campus’ margins. Credit: Paul K. Byrne, North Carolina State University and Sean C. Solomon, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatoryhttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/venus_venera14_1705-2274609577.jpgVenus_Venera14_1705-22746095772025-01-17T13:50:14+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/12/19/global-natural-hydrogen-resources-a-co2-free-future/2024-12-18T16:14:59+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/12/15/the-earliest-known-human-neanderthal-relations/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/zlaty-kun.jpgZlaty-kunReconstruction of the woman whose skull was found at Zlatý kůň, Czechia. Credit: Tom Björklund / Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.2024-12-15T16:33:26+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/12/05/how-changes-in-the-earth-system-have-affected-human-evolution-migration-and-culture/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/refugees-line-officials-middle-east-slovenia-iraq-october-25-2015-e1733420145591.webprefugees-line-officials-Middle-East-Slovenia-Iraq-October-25-2015Refugees from the Middle East migrating through Slovenia in 2015. Credit: Britannica2024-12-05T17:43:20+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/11/29/hominin-footprints-in-kenya-confirm-two-species-occupied-the-same-ecosystem-the-same-time/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/l-erect-r-para-faces.jpgL erect R para facesArtists’ reconstructions of: left - H. erectus; right - Paranthropus boisei. Credits: Yale University, Roman Yevseyev respectivelyhttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/l-erect-r-para-footprints.jpgL erect R para footprintsFootprints from Koobi Fora: left – right foot of H. erectus; right – left foot of Paranthropus boisei. Credit: Kevin Hatala. Chatham University2024-11-29T18:46:27+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/11/27/divining-the-possible-climatic-impacts-of-slowing-north-atlantic-current-patterns/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ice-melting.jpgice meltingMeltwater channels and lake on the surface of the Greenland ice sheethttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/hosing-regions.jpgHosing regionsLocation of the 4 regions in the northern North Atlantic used by Ma et al. in their modelling of AMOC: A Labrador Sea; B Irminger Basin; C NE Atlantic; D Nordic Seas. Colour chart refers to current temperature. Solid line – surface currents, dashed line – deep currents2024-11-27T18:29:01+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/11/20/a-major-breakthrough-in-carbon-capture-and-storage/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1024px-carbfix_core.pngCarbFix_coreImage of calcite (white) and chlorite (cyan) formed in porous basalt due to CO2-charged water-rock interaction at the CarbFix site Iceland. (Credit: Sandra Ósk Snæbjörnsdóttir)2024-11-21T13:24:19+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/11/18/the-prospect-of-climate-chaos-following-major-volcano-eruption/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/pinatubo.jpgPinatuboThe ash plume towering above Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines on 12 June 1991, which rose to 40 km (Credit: Karin Jackson U.S. Air Force)2024-11-20T10:24:09+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/11/12/how-india-accelerated-towards-eurasia-at-the-end-of-the-cretaceous/2024-11-12T15:38:22+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/10/29/multiple-archaean-gigantic-impacts-perhaps-beneficial-to-some-early-life/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/archaean-impact.jpgArchaean impactTime line of possible events following a huge asteroid impact during the Palaeoarchaean. (Credit: Drabon, N. et al. Fig 8)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/archaean-impact-debris.jpgArchaean impact debrisImpact debris layer in the Palaeoarchaean Barberton greenstone belt of South Africa, which contains altered glass spherules and fragments of older carbonaceous cherts. (Credit: Credit: Drabon, N. et al., Appendix Fig S2B)2024-10-29T13:02:54+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/10/26/evidence-for-earths-magnetic-field-3-7-billion-years-ago/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/structure_of_the_magnetosphere.pngStructure_of_the_magnetosphereStructure of the Earth’s magnetosphere that deflects charged particles which form the solar wind. (Credit: Wikipedia Commons)2024-10-26T17:28:22+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/10/09/a-companion-crater-for-chicxulub-on-the-continental-shelf-of-west-africa/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/nadir-impact.jpgNadir impactTime line for the Nadir impact, derived from detail shown by 3D seismic data. (Credit: Nicholson, et al. 2024, Fig 7)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/nadir-fault-map.jpgNadir fault mapMap of faults around the Nadir crater at a level in the 3D seismic data that was about 200 m below the sea bed at the time of the impact. (Credit: Nicholson, et al. 2024, Fig 6)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/nadir-seismic.jpgNadir seismicFig Interpreted 2D seismic section across the Nadir crater and central uplift beneath the Guinea Terrace. (Credit: Nicholson, et al. 2022. Fig 2c)2024-10-09T14:05:33+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/10/02/drip-tectonics-beneath-turkiye/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/turkey-geodynamics-gsl.jpgTurkey geodynamics GSLTectonics and geomorphology of Turkey showing the main fault systems. The Konya basin is enclosed by the grey rectangle at centre. (Credit: Taymaz et al. Geological Society of London, Special Publication 291, p1-16, Fig 1)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/turkish-drip-tectonics.jpgTurkish drip tectonicsCartoons of drip tectonics beneath the Anatolian Plateau. (a) Lower lithosphere detached from beneath Anatolia in the Late Miocene (10 to 8 Ma) descends into the mantle as it is ‘eclogitised’; (b) a smaller block beneath the Konya Basin beginning to ‘drip’, but still attached to the lithosphere. (Credit: Andersen et al., Fig 4)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/konya-basin-insar.jpgKonya basin INSARVertical velocities affecting the surface in the Konya Basin derived from InSAR data, velocities colour-coded cyan to blue show subsidence, yellow to red suggesting the surface is rising. (Credit: Andersen et al., Fig 1c)2024-10-01T16:36:43+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/09/26/a-new-timeline-for-modern-humans-colonisation-of-europe/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/aurignacian-population.jpgAurignacian populationMaps of estimated anatomically modernhuman population density during the first six thousand years of Aurignacian migration and palaeoclimate record from the Greenland NGRIP ice core, with shaded warm episodes – red spots indicate the time of the population estimates. (Credit: Shao et al. Fig. 1)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/aurignacian-art.jpgAurignacian artAurignacian sculptures: ‘Lion-Man’ and ‘Venus’ from the Hohlenstein-Stadel and Hohle Fels caves in Germany.2024-09-25T10:37:12+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/09/18/climate-changes-and-the-mass-extinction-at-permian-triassic-boundary/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/091224_jb_great-dying_inline1.gif091224_jb_great-dying_inline1Animation of monthly average surface temperatures across the Earth at the time of the P-Tr mass extinction. (Credit: Alex Farnsworth, University of Bristol, UK)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/p-tr-ssts.jpgP-Tr SSTsModelled sea-surface temperatures in the tropics in the early stages of Siberian Trap eruptions with atmospheric CO¬2 at 857 ppm – twice today’s level. (Credit: Sun et al., Fig. 1A)2024-09-18T15:11:26+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/09/13/a-9-day-seismic-reverberation-set-off-by-a-giant-tsunami-in-a-greenland-fjord/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/dickson-fjord.jpgDickson FjordView of a side glacier on Dickson Fjord, East Greenland where the tsunami occurred. Left – August 2023; right – 19 September 2023. The rocky peak at top centre on the left fell onto the glacier below to generate a rock-ice slide into the fjord. (Credit: Søren Rysgaard/Danish Army)2024-09-13T13:34:07+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/09/10/heres-a-blog-covering-palaeoanthropology-that-you-might-like/2024-09-10T15:46:00+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/09/07/provenance-of-the-stonehenge-altar-stone-a-puzzling-development/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/ol-red-sst-orkney.jpgCyclical sediments of the Devonian Stromness Flagstones. (Credit Mike Norton, Wikimedia)2024-09-10T15:26:23+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/08/20/geology-cracks-stonehenge-mysteries/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sh_lithology.jpgSH_lithologyThe stones of Stonehenge colour-coded by lithology. The sandstone ‘Altar Stone’ lies beneath fallen blocks of a trilithon at the centre of the circle. (Credit: Clarke et al. 2024, Fig 1a)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sh_aerial.jpgSH_aerialHigh resolution vertical aerial photograph of Stonehenge. (Credit: Gavin Hellier/robertharding/Getty)2024-08-20T15:43:31+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/08/12/news-about-hobbits-homo-floresiensis/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/hobbit.jpgHobbitArtist’s impression of Homo floresiensis with giant rat. (Credit: Box of Oddities podcast)2024-08-12T12:12:58+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/08/06/the-gross-uncertainty-of-climate-tipping-points/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/amoc.jpgamocNorthern part of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Red – warm surface currents; cyan – cold deep-water flow. (Credit: R. Curry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)2024-08-13T15:01:37+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/07/22/tectonic-history-and-the-drake-equation/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/lid-vs-plate-tectonics-e1721650368939.jpglid vs plate tectonicsHow different styles of tectonics influence living processes differently: a single stagnant ‘lid’ versus plate tectonics. (Credit: Stern and Gerya, Fig 2)2024-07-23T02:32:24+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/07/15/snowball-earth-and-the-rise-of-multi-celled-life/2024-07-15T16:35:55+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/07/04/was-the-earliest-human-ancestor-a-european/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/messinian-med.jpgMessinian MedThe Mediterranean Basin at the end of the Miocene Epoch when the only water was in the deepest parts of the basin. (Credit: Wikipedia, Creative Commons)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/hominin-phylogeny.jpgHominin phylogenyPhylogenetic links between fossils assigned to the Family Hominidae found in Africa and north of the Mediterranean Sea. (Credit: Sevim-Erol et al. 2023, Fig 5)2024-07-08T13:59:08+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/06/28/earthquakes-and-flooding-in-the-ganges-basin/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/sst-dykes.jpgsst dykesSand dykes along fractures in river alluvium of the Bengal Basin. (Credit: Chamberlain et al. Figs 3c and 3d) 2024-07-02T19:06:54+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/06/19/apology/2024-06-28T16:08:55+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/05/15/the-onset-of-weathering-in-the-late-archaean-and-stabilisation-of-the-continents/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/archaean-ttg-gnesses.jpgArchaean TTG gnessesThree billion year-old TTG gneiss in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. (Credit: British Geological Survey)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cratons.jpgcratonsDistribution of exposed Archaean cratons. The blue Proterozoic areas may, in part be underlain by cratons. (Credit: Groves, D.I. & Santosh, M. DOI:10.1016/j.gr.2020.06.008)2024-05-15T14:28:28+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/04/29/the-chaotic-early-solar-system-when-giant-planets-went-berserk/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/early-planet_formation.jpgearly planet_formationCartoon showing planet formation in the early, unstable Solar System (Credit: Mark Garlick, Science Source)2024-05-01T08:09:19+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/04/24/the-peptide-bond-that-holds-life-together-may-have-an-interstellar-origin/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/peptide-bond.jpgpeptide bondReaction between two molecules of the amino acid glycene that links them by a peptide bond to form a dipeptide. (Credit: Wikimedia Commons)2024-04-24T15:51:17+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/04/06/the-first-europeans-at-the-ukraine-hungary-border/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/carpathians.jpgCarpathians: Topographic map of Europe (click to see full resolution in a new window). The Carpathian Mountains form an arc surrounding the Pannonian Basin (Hungarian Plains) just below centr. Korolevo and other Homo erectus and H. antecessor sites are marked by red spots (Credit: Wikipedia Commons)2024-04-06T15:54:42+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/04/01/ocean-floor-sediments-reveal-the-influence-of-mars-on-long-term-climate-cycles/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mars.jpgMarsOne hemisphere of Mars captured by ESA’s Mars Express. Credit: ESA / DLR / FU Berlin / 2024-03-31T15:04:02+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/03/25/how-did-african-humans-survive-the-74-ka-toba-volcanic-supereruption/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/projectile-points-min.jpegProjectile-points-minSelection of possible arrowheads from the Shinfa River site (Credit: Kappelman et al.; Blue Nile Survey Project)2024-03-25T17:33:13+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/03/08/the-anthropocene-epoch-bites-the-dust/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cenozoic-chart.jpgCenozoic chartChronostratigraphic Chart for the Cenozoic Era showing the 5 tiers of stratigraphic time division. The little golden spikes mark where a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point monument has been erected at the boundary’s type section.2024-04-06T16:10:59+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/03/04/a-new-explanation-for-the-neoproterozoic-snowball-earth-episodes/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/neoproterozoic-tectonics.jpgNeoproterozoic tectonicsVariations in ocean ridge lengths, spreading rates and oceanic crust production during the Neoproterozoic estimated from the geological (orange) and palaeomagnetic (blue) models. Credit: Dutkiewicz et al., parts of Fig. 2)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/neoproterozoic-geography.jpgNeoproterozoic geographyPalaeogeographic reconstructions (Robinson projection) during the early part of the Sturtian global glaciation: LEFT based on geological data from Neoproterozoic terrains on modern continents; RIGHT based on palaeomagnetic pole positions from those terrains. Acronyms refer to each terrains, e.g. Am is Amazonia, WAC is the West African Craton. Orange lines are ocean ridges, those with teeth are subduction zone. (Credit: Dutkiewicz et al., parts of Fig. 1)2024-03-08T17:47:38+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/02/26/neanderthals-and-the-earliest-plastic-handles/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/plastic.jpgplasticLEFT: Stone flake from the Le Moustier site in France, partly coated with a reddish iron-rich colorant. RIGHT: Experimental stone flakes with 55:44 mix of goethite and bitumen (top) and pure bitumen (bottom) being handled. (Credit: Schmidt et al. Figs 1A, 3).2024-02-26T17:32:07+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/02/13/changing-atlantic-ocean-currents-may-threaten-gulf-stream-warming-of-europe/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/amoc.jpgAMOCThe Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Red – warm surface currents; cyan – cold deep-water flow. (Credit: Stefano Crivellari)2024-02-13T13:47:41+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/02/07/earliest-evidence-for-rope-making-a-sophisticated-tool/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/rope-tool2.jpgrope tool2Frame from a movie showing how the tool may have been used to make ropes. The three ‘feeders’ twist foliage clockwise whereas the fourth pulls and imparts an anticlockwise twist to the three stands. (Credit: Conard & Rots, Supplementary material, Fig S15)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/rope-tool.jpgrope toolThe reassembled rope-making tool from Hohle Fels Cave (Credit: Conard & Rots, Fig 2)2024-02-09T02:36:10+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/01/31/an-astronomical-background-to-flood-basalt-events-and-mass-extinctions/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/milky-way-galaxy.jpgmilky-way-galaxyMap of the Milky Way galaxy as it would appear from a viewpoint above the galactic centre. The Solar System is located in the Orion Spur (green dot) (Credit: Wikipedia)2024-02-13T13:54:13+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/01/27/darwins-warm-little-pond-a-new-discovery/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/amphiphile.pngamphiphileCell-like membranes formed by fatty acid amphiphiles2024-01-27T13:33:09+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/01/17/why-did-the-largest-ever-primate-disappear/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/gigantopithecus.jpgGigantopithecusAbove: Size comparison of G. blacki with a 1.8 m tall human male; NB G.blacki probably walked on all fours, as do living orangutans when they rarely descend from the forest canopy. (Credit: Frido Welker) Below: Mandible of Gigantopithecus blacki from India (Credit: Prof. Wei Wang, Photo retouched by Theis Jensen)2024-01-17T16:08:01+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2024/01/08/when-giant-worms-roamed-the-seas/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/terror-best.jpgterror beastReconstruction of Timorebestia koprii showing its musculature, nerve system and mouthparts, It probably propelled itself by fluttering its outer and rear flaps, much like a modern flatfish. Credit: Park et al., Fig 42024-01-08T16:34:58+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/12/09/using-lasers-to-map-landslide-risk/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/mam-tor.jpgMam TorAn active landslide at near Castleton, Derbyshire, UK. Note the defences of an Iron Age hillfort on Mam Tor that have been cut as the head of the landslide retreated westwards, as have medieval field walls. The relics of a major road that has been repeatedly disrupted and then destroyed following decades of maintenance can also be seen in the debris flow: it was abandoned in the 1970s.https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/alport-castles.jpgAlport CastlesLidar DTM illuminated from the NW for the Alport Valley in the Peak District of North Derbyshire, UK. This includes the largest landslide complex in England, known as Alport Castles from the huge displaced sandstone blocks in the area of mass wasting.https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/ironbridge.jpgIronbridge. Lidar DTM illuminated from the west for the Severn Gorge near Ironbridge, Telford, Shropshire, UK. Lips of four major landslides shown by ‘No Entry’ signs. Initiated at the beginning of the Holocene, they continue to be active to this day, the southernmost slide having obliterated a tile factory and workers’ dwellings at Jackfield in 1952https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/landslide-dorset.jpgLandslide dorsetA cliff collapse in July 2023 at Seatown, Dorset England2023-12-10T01:01:11+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/11/29/water-in-unexpected-places-1-atmosphere/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/tonga-eruption.jpgTonga eruption: 57 km high eruption plume and surrounding shock wave of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano one hour after explosion began on 15 January 2022: from the Himawari-8 satellite. The image is about 350 km across. Islands in red, the main island of Tonga being slightly to the south of the centre.2023-11-29T17:28:39+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/11/23/aftershocks-of-ancient-earthquakes/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/nam-earthquakes.jpgNAm earthquakesEarthquakes of greater than Magnitude 2.5 in eastern North America (see key to magnitudes at lower right). Those shown in blue date from 1568 to 1979, those in red between 1980 and 2016. (Credit: Chen & Liu, Fig 1)2023-11-23T16:17:19+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/11/02/relics-of-the-moon-forming-impact/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/theia-earth-collision.jpgTheia-Earth collisionAn artist’s impression of the collision between Theia and the proto-Earth. (Credit: Hernán Cañellas, Nature)2023-11-02T16:34:39+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/10/25/plate-tectonics-loses-another-of-its-pioneers-w-jason-morgan/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/jason-morgan.jpgJason MorganW. Jason Morgan outside the Department of Earth Sciences, Princeton University. (Credit: Denise Applewhite, Princeton University)2023-10-25T11:33:25+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/10/26/extreme-scientific-showing-off-hominin-fossils-in-space/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/homo-naledi.jpgHomo-nalediReconstructed head of a somewhat annoyed Homo naledi. Credit: John Gurche, Mark Thiessen, National Geographic.2023-10-25T11:30:14+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/10/20/north-america-occupied-by-modern-humans-during-the-last-glacial-maximum/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/white-sands-footprints.jpgwhite sands footprintsHuman footprints preserved on three sediment surfaces of the White Sands clay-gypsum sequences; i.e. at three times in their depositional sequence. (Credit: from Pigati et al.; Fig 1)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/white-sands-dunes.pngwhite sands dunesGypsum sand dunes in White Sands National Park USA. (Credit: Wikipedia) 2023-10-17T11:00:51+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/10/17/repeated-climate-and-ecological-stress-during-the-run-up-to-the-k-pg-extinction/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/volc-wint-deccan.jpgvolc wint deccanExposed section through a small part of the Deccan Traps in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India. (Credit: Gerta Keller, Princeton University) 2023-10-19T12:17:31+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/10/09/a-way-for-early-humans-to-leave-africa-for-eurasia-via-the-middle-east/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/green-arabia.jpggreen ArabiaLeft: Satellite image of the Arabia and the Levant, showing the possible northern (red) and southern migration routes (blue) and sites that yielded various palaeoclimatic signs of formerly wet areas, Homo sapiens fossils and stone tools. Right colour-coded map of topographic elevation for the study area in the Levant with sites that reveal palaeoclimatic and anthropological information. (Credit: Abbas et al., Fig 1)2023-10-07T14:23:44+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/09/22/sudden-climate-change-a-warning-from-8-millennia-ago/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/lake-agassiz.jpglake agassizColour coded topographic elevation of North America showing the maximum extent of Lake Agassiz and four possible routes for its drainage: north-west to the Arctic Ocean via the Mackenzie River; south to the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi valley; east to the North Atlantic via the Great Lakes and St Laurence River; north to the North Atlantic via Hudson Bay. (Credit: ©Sheffield University)2023-09-22T16:12:35+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/09/14/direct-signs-of-what-caused-the-palaeocene-eocene-thermal-maximum/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/3d-seismic.jpg3D seismicThree-dimensional view of seismic reflection data off western Norway. The greytone lower part is a vertical ‘slice’. The coloured part (horizontal surface) shows the depth variation of sediments that fill hydrothermal vent systems beneath an unconformity. (Credit: Berndt ¬et al, Fig 1b)2023-09-14T12:05:37+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/09/11/an-evolutionary-bottleneck-and-the-emergence-of-neanderthals-denisovans-and-modern-humans/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/climate-changes.jpgClimate changesOxygen-isotope record and global temperature changes over the last 5 million years, green lines showing the times dominated by 41 and 100 ka climatic cycles. The mid-Pleistocene climatic transition is shown in pink (Credit: Robert A Rohde)2023-09-11T13:28:58+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/08/22/when-and-why-did-the-north-american-pleistocene-megafauna-collapse/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/labrea-tarpits-1910.jpgLaBrea-tarpits-1910Rancho La Brea tar pit and derricks of the Los Angeles City Oil Field in 19012023-08-22T16:15:34+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/08/17/a-book-on-archaeology-radiocarbon-dating-ancient-dna-and-how-modern-humans-evolved/2023-08-17T15:58:15+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/07/06/news-about-when-subduction-began/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/acasta-si-isotopes-1.jpgAcasta Si isotopesProportions of 30Si in zircons, quartz and whole rock for Acasta gneisses (coloured), other Archaean areas (grey) and Jack Hills zircons(open circles. Vertical lines are error bars. (Credit: simplified from Zhang et al. Fig 1)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/stagnant-lid-tectonics.jpgStagnant-lid-tectonicsCartoon of possible Hadean stagnant lid tectonics, dominated by mantle plumes. (Credit: Bédard, J.H. 2018, Fig 3B, DOI: 10.1016/j.gsf.2017.01.005)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/acasta-si-isotopes.jpgAcasta Si isotopes2023-07-05T15:35:54+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/06/29/geochemical-evidence-for-the-origin-of-eukaryotes/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/steroid-biomarkers.jpgsteroid biomarkersProportions of biomarkers in sediments from present to 1.64 Ga. Cholesteroids – reds; ergosteroids – blues; stigmasteroids – greens; protosteroids magentas, hopanoids – yellows; unsampled – grey. Snowball glaciations are shown in pale blue. (Credit: Simplified from Figure 3 in Brocks et al.)2023-06-29T10:46:07+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/06/20/early-modern-human-fossils-from-a-laotian-cave-and-the-eastward-out-of-africa-migration/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/tam-pa-ling-cave.jpgTam pa ling caveEntrance to Tam Pà Ling cave in northern Laos (credit: Demeter et al.; Fig S1)2023-06-20T16:48:36+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/06/15/did-precambrian-bifs-fall-into-the-mantle-to-trigger-mantle-plumes/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/lip-bif.jpgLIP BIFPlots of probability of LIPs and BIFs forming at the Earth’s surface during Precambrian times, based on actual occurrences (Credit: Keller, et al., modified Fig 1A)2023-06-20T16:12:44+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/05/03/15652/2023-06-08T15:19:28+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/06/05/new-drill-core-penetrates-the-mohorovicic-discontinuity-the-moho/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/lost-city-chimneys.jpglost city chimneysHuge (tens of metres high) pillars or ‘chimneys’ of carbonates formed by the Lost City hydrothermal vent near the mid-Atlantic ridge (Credit: ETH Zurich)2023-06-05T16:05:00+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/05/15/flash-huge-rockslide-imminent-in-swiss-village-of-brienz/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/brienz-1.jpgBrienz-1The rockslide above Brienz in eastern Switzerland marked by a white surface bare of vegetation. Image by CHRISTOPH NÄNNI, TIEFBAUAMT GR, SWITZERLAND via the BBC2023-05-15T16:58:28+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/05/14/origin-of-the-genus-homo-a-paranthropus-link/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/para-homo-aus.jpgPara Homo AusSkull of a probable adult female P. robustus (left) with that of H. habilis (centre) and A. africanus (right). Credits: all from Wikipedia pages2023-05-15T17:01:46+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/05/08/music-based-on-earthquake-waves/2023-05-08T16:19:52+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/05/04/extraction-of-ancient-human-dna-from-artefacts/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/denisova-pendant-e1683212954626.jpgDenisova pendantElk-tooth pendant found at Denisova cave, before cleaning and DNA extraction (top) and after the ‘washing’ procedure (bottom). Credit: Essel et al., Fig 1.2023-05-04T15:26:05+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/04/18/hydrogen-and-how-the-earth-formed/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hydrogen-earth.jpghydrogen EarthA thick hydrogen-rich atmosphere’s interacting chemically with a protoplanet (left). A possible later stage where iron oxide in the magma ocean of the Early Hadean after Moon formation oxidises a hydrogen atmosphere to form surface water (Credit: Sean Raymond 2023, Fig 1)2023-04-18T11:58:01+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/03/29/the-moon-may-have-water-resources-in-its-soil/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/lunar-regolith.jpglunar regolithThe lunar regolith at Tranquillity Base bearing an astronaut’s bootprint (Credit: Buzz Aldrin, NASA Apollo 11, Photo ID AS11-40-5877)2023-03-29T11:37:19+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/03/09/how-humans-might-have-migrated-into-the-americas/2023-05-16T18:10:28+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/03/01/naturally-occurring-hydrogen-an-abundant-green-fuel/2023-03-09T16:27:55+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/02/15/who-invented-stone-tools-a-great-surprise-from-kenya/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/paranthropus-1.jpgparanthropus-1Reconstruction of a Paranthropus head (Credit: Jerry Humphrey, Pinterest)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/oldowan-kenya.jpgOldowan KenyaOldowan tools used for pounding and cutting from Nyayanga, Kenya (Credit: Thomas Plummer, James Oliver and Emma Finestone/Homa Peninsula Paleoanthropology Project/SWNS)2023-02-13T17:57:19+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/02/11/is-erosion-paced-by-milankovich-cycles/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/erosion.jpgerosionMeasured concentrations (low to high values downwards) of cosmogenic 10Be (turquoise) and 26Al (red) in samples from the Rio Iruya sediment sequence. The higher the value, the longer the layer had resided at the surface; i.e. the slower the erosion rate. (Credit: Fisher et al. Fig 4)2023-02-11T13:53:42+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/02/04/neanderthal-elephant-hunters/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/neanderthal_elephant-butchery-e1675528009941.jpgneanderthal_elephant butcheryArtistic impression of Neanderthal elephant butchery site (Credit: Tom Bjorklund, Science)2023-02-04T16:27:29+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/01/18/curiosity-rover-hints-at-the-carbon-cycle-on-mars/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/gale-crater.jpgGale craterOblique view of Curiosity’s landing site in Gale crater on Mars, from which the rover has traversed the lower slopes of Mount Sharp. Credit: NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory2023-01-18T17:49:34+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/01/04/end-ordovician-mass-extinction-faunal-diversification-glaciation-and-true-polar-wander/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/o-s-true-polar-wander.jpgO-S true polar wanderPalaeogeographic reconstructions charting true polar wander and the synchronised movement of all continental masses between 460 and 440 Ma. Note the changes in the trajectories of lines of latitude on the Mollweide projections. The grey band either side of the palaeo-Equator marks intense chemical weathering in the humid tropics. Credit Jing et al. Fig 5.2023-01-12T14:39:12+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2023/01/01/annual-logs-for-2020-and-2021-added/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/scriptorium.pngscriptorium2023-01-01T16:00:49+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/sediments-and-stratigraphy/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/407458aa.2-5.jpg407458aa.22023-01-01T15:07:35+00:00weekly0.6https://earthlogs.org/geomorphology/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/407458aa.2.jpg407458aa.22023-01-01T14:53:48+00:00weekly0.6https://earthlogs.org/remote-sensing/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/hcmm1.jpgHCMM12022-12-18T13:46:09+00:00weekly0.6https://earthlogs.org/2022/12/12/environmental-dna-reveals-ecology-in-northern-greenland-from-2-ma-ago/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/knight_mastodon.jpgKnight_MastodonReconstruction of an American mastodon herd by American painter of large extinct fauna Charles R. Knight2022-12-12T18:23:54+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/12/07/consider-homo-erectus/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/yunxian-erect.jpgYunxian erectCranium of a Chinese Homo erectus, somewhat distorted by burial,from a site close to the latest find. (Credit: Hubei Museum, Wuhan, China)2022-12-07T18:57:32+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/11/25/how-did-the-earliest-animals-feed/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/kimberella.jpgKimberellaA Kimberella fossil, about 10 centimetres long, and a speculative reconstruction showing its feeding apparatus.2022-11-27T16:50:13+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/11/16/early-land-plants-and-oceanic-extinctions/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/phytoplankton.jpgphytoplanktonPhytoplankton bloom off the east coast of Scotland ‘fertilised’ by effluents carried by the Tay and Forth estuaries.2022-11-16T11:53:03+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/10/25/family-links-among-the-neanderthals-of-siberia/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/siberia.jpgSiberiaCaves used by the Neanderthals of southern Siberia: A – location map; B – Chagyrskaya Cave; C – Okladnikov Cave. (Credit: adapted from Skov et al.; Extended Data Fig. 1)2022-10-25T16:10:03+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/10/20/origin-of-animals-at-a-time-of-chaotic-oxygen-levels/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/oxygen.jpgoxygenAtmospheric levels of free oxygen relative to that today (scale is logarithmic) computed using combined carbon- and sulfur isotope records from marine sediments since 1500 Ma ago. The black line is the mean of 5,000 model runs, the grey area represents ±1 standard deviations. The pale blue area represents previous ‘guesstimates’. Vertical yellow bars are the three Snowball Earth events of the Late Neoproterozoic (Sturtian, Marinoan and Gaskiers). (Credit: Krause et al., Fig 1a)2022-10-21T09:51:19+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/10/16/seven-thousand-years-of-cultural-sharing-in-europe-between-neanderthals-and-modern-humans/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/chat.jpgchatDated appearances in France and NE Spain of Neanderthal fossils (black skulls), Châtelperronian artefacts (grey circles) and proto-Aurignacian artefacts (white squares) in different time ‘slots’ between 43.4 and 39.4 ka. (Credit: Djakovic et al., Fig. 3)2022-10-16T12:30:22+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/10/10/amber-palaeontologists-and-a-military-dictatorship/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/amber-foot.jpgamber footFoot of baby bird preserved in Cretaceous amber from Kachin, Myanmar. Credit: Pinterest, Xing Lida, China University of Geosciences)2022-10-10T15:25:04+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/09/29/milankovich-precession-and-the-palaeocene-eocene-thermal-maximum/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/nord-stream-leak.jpgNord stream leakMassive leak of natural gas – mainly methane – off Sweden in the Baltic Sea, from the probably sabotaged Nord Stream pipeline. (Source: Swedish coastguard agency)2022-09-29T16:38:52+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/09/23/british-government-fracking-fan-fracked/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/cuadrilla.jpgCuadrillaCuadrilla’s exploratory fracking site near Little Plumpton in Fylde, Lancashire. (Credit: BBC)2022-09-23T16:29:24+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/08/08/late-formation-of-the-earths-inner-core/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/earth-structure.jpgEarth structureThe Earth’s internal structure as revealed by seismic waves (Credit: Smithsonian Institute)2022-09-15T13:32:39+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/08/18/did-giant-impacts-trigger-formation-of-the-bulk-of-continental-crust/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/pilbara.jpgPilbaraThe distinctive Archaean granite-greenstone terrain of the Pilbara craton of Western Australia. TTG granites are shown in reds in the form of domes, which are enveloped by metamorphosed sediments and mafic-ultramafic volcanics in khaki and emerald green. Other colours signify post Archaean rocks. (Credit: Warren B. Hamilton; Earth’s first two billion years. GSA, 2007)2022-09-15T13:32:14+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/09/02/sun-sand-and-sangria-on-the-mediterranean-costas-and-tsunamis/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/alboran-basin.jpgAlboran BasinTopography of the Alboran Basin beneath the western Mediterranean. The colours grey through blue to purple indicate increasing depth of seawater. Grey circles indicate historic earthquakes, the smallest being M 3 to 4, the largest greater than M 6. Green arrows show plate motions in the area measured using GPS. Active faults are marked in red (see key for types of motion). (Credit: based on Fig 1 of Gómez de la Peña et al.)2022-09-15T13:31:49+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/09/08/the-earth-system-in-action-land-plants-affected-composition-of-continental-crust/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/river-change.jpgriver changeSchematic diagram showing changes in river systems and their alluvium before and after the development of land plants. (Credit: Based on Spencer et al. 2022, Fig 4)2022-09-15T13:31:17+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/09/15/a-lower-jurassic-environmental-crisis/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/toarcian.jpgToarcianPlate boundaries around Gondwanaland and the Karoo-Ferrar large igneous province in the Early Jurassic (small yellow dots show dated localities) . Large orange dots: positions of Tristan de Cunha and Bouvet hotspots at the time (Credit: Ruhl et al. Fig 1A)2022-09-15T13:18:12+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/08/26/the-earliest-upright-ape/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/toumai.jpgToumaiReconstructed skull of Sahelanthropus tchadensis. (Credit: Didier Descouens, University of Toulouse)2022-08-26T17:19:02+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/07/31/the-dangers-of-rolling-boulders/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/rockfall-data.jpgrockfall dataVertical aerial photograph of a uniform, south-facing slope in the Swiss Alps used to roll concrete ‘boulders’. The red X marks the release point; the blue symbols show the points of rest of equant ‘boulders, the sizes of which are shown in the inset, the wheel-shaped ones are magenta. Coloured circles with crosses show the mean rest position of each category (the lighter the colour the smaller the set of ‘boulders’). The coloured ellipses indicate the standard deviation for each category. (Credit: Caviezel et al., Fig 2)2022-07-31T13:08:21+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/07/25/rare-meteorite-gives-clues-to-the-early-history-of-mars/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/black-beauty.jpgblack beautyThe ‘Black Beauty’ meteorite from Mars (NWA 7035) with a polished surface and a 2 mm wide microscope view of a thin section: the pale clasts are fragments of pyroxenes and plagioclase feldspars; the rounded dark grey clast is a fine-grained basaltic andesite. (Credits: NASA; Andrew Tindall)2022-07-24T11:03:27+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/07/15/ancient-deep-groundwater/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/mponeng_mine.jpgmponeng_mineDamp conditions in the Mponeng gold mine near Johannesburg, South Africa, the world’s deepest at 3.8 km below the surface with planned expansion to 4.3 km (Credit: AngloGold Ashanti)2022-07-18T16:19:06+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/07/01/new-dating-questions-previous-ideas-about-early-hominins/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/australopithecus_africanus_face2_university_of_zurich.jpgAustralopithecus_africanus_face2_(University_of_Zurich)The face of an Australopithecus africanus (‘Mrs Ples’). Credit University of Zurich2022-07-01T13:30:55+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/06/27/climate-out-of-control-after-the-permian-triassic-mass-extinction/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/radiolaria-diatoms.jpgradiolaria diatoms2022-06-25T17:30:11+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/06/17/a-new-twist-to-pleistocene-climate-cycles/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/precession-ird.jpgPrecession IRD Changes in ice-rafted debris (IRD) since 1.7 Ma in a sediment core from the North Atlantic (orange fill) compared with its oxygen-isotope (δ18O) record of changes in continental ice cover (blue fill). At the top are the modelled variations in 23 ka axial precession (lilac) and 41 ka obliquity (green). The red circles mark major interglacial episodes, blue diamonds show the onset of significant ice rafting and orange diamonds are terminations of ice-rafting (TIR). (Credit: Barker et al., Fig. 2)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/axial-precession.jpgaxial precessionPrecession of the axis of a spinning top and that of the Earth. At present the northern end of Earth’s axis points to what we now call the Pole Star. Around 11.5 ka from now it will point to the star Vega2022-06-17T10:54:25+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/06/09/climate-and-tectonics-since-250-ma/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/plate-boundaries.jpgplate boundariesLength of mid-ocean ridges (orange) and subduction zones (blue) through the last 250 Ma (top). The areas of oceanic crust produced at ridges and consumed by subduction (credit: Müller, R.D. et al., Figs 1a, 1c)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/carbon-emissions.jpgcarbon emissionsThe amount of carbon being outgassed as CO2 each year along plate boundaries in the early Jurassic (185 Ma) shown in dark purple (low) to yellow (high). Also shown in shades of blue is the accumulation of carbon stored in each square metre of the ocean plates. Plate motions are shown as grey arrows (credit: Müller, R.D. et al. Clip from video in Supplementary Information)2022-06-17T10:40:01+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/05/20/wider-traces-of-the-elusive-denisovans/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/denisovan-teeth.jpgdenisovan-teethA probable Denisovan molar from 164 to 131 ka old cave sediments in northern Laos. (credit: Demeter, et al.; Fig. 2)2022-05-20T12:40:50+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/05/10/the-end-of-the-carboniferous-icehouse-world/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/carb-climate-zones.jpgCarb climate zonesSedimentary evidence for global climates 320 Ma ago. As well as the large tracts of glaciogenic sediments, smaller occurrences and examples of polished rock surfaces over which ice had passed show the probable full extent of ice sheets across the southern, Gondwana sector of Pangaea (Credit: after Fig 7.3, S104, Earth and Space, ©Open University 2007)2022-05-10T15:33:59+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/04/30/evidence-for-an-early-archaean-transition-to-subduction/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/zircon-hf-isotopes-early-archaan-to-hadean.jpgzircon Hf isotopes early Archaan to HadeanA schematic model of transition from Hadean-Eoarchaean lid tectonics to a type of plate tectonics that subsequently evolved to its current form, based on hafnium isotope data in ancient zircons (credit: Bauer et al. 2020; Fig 3)2022-04-30T10:18:42+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/04/21/evidence-for-oldest-microbes-from-arctic-canada/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/hematite-tubules.jpghematite tubulesAn image of hematite tubes from microfossils discovered in hydrothermal vent precipitates in the Nuvvuagittuk ironstones, reconstructed from X-ray and ion-beam micro-tomography (credit: Matthew Dodd, UCL)2022-04-30T10:03:06+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/03/31/lower-mantle-blobs-may-reveal-relics-of-event-going-back-to-the-hadean/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/africa-tomography.jpgAfrica tomographyThree-dimensional rendition of seismic tomography results beneath Africa. Mantle with anomalously low S-wave speeds is show in red, orange and yellow. The faint grey overlay represents the extent of surface continental crust today – Horn of Africa at right and Cape Town at the lower margin – the blue areas near the top are oceanic crust on the floor od the Mediterranean Sea. (Image credit: Mingming Li/ASU)2022-04-13T11:13:50+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/04/11/conditions-that-may-have-underpinned-the-cambrian-explosion/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/chengjiang-delta-f3.jpgchengjiang delta F3Reconstruction of the near-shore deltaic environment in which the Chengjian Biota lived and evolved. Several rock types and the sedimentary processes that probably formed them shown in 'cores' (Credit: Salih et al. Figure 3)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/chengjiang-biota.jpgchengjiang biotaArtistic impression of the Chengjian Biota2022-04-09T15:06:36+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/03/25/signs-of-massive-hydrocarbon-burning-at-the-end-of-the-triassic/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/end-triassic.jpgend triassicPangaea at the end of the Triassic (top) and in Middle Cretaceous times (Credit: screen shots from animation by Christopher Scotese)2022-03-25T17:26:32+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/03/16/smoking-gun-for-younger-dryas-trigger-refuted/2022-03-16T18:15:19+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/03/09/new-book-on-geology-and-landscape-of-the-britsh-lake-district/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/lakes-book.jpgLakes bookCover of The Lake District: Landscape and Geology2022-03-09T18:41:14+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/02/24/end-cretaceous-mass-extinction-occurred-in-northern-spring/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/fish-annual-growth-zones.jpgfish annual growth zonesThin sections of fish bones from the K-Pg boundary layer in the Hell Creek Formation, showing lines of arrested growth marked by red arrowheads. The outermost (top) LAGs are succeeded by only a thin zone of accelerated growth during their last weeks of the fishes’ lives (credit: During et al., Fig. 2)2022-02-24T17:43:31+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/02/15/did-earliest-modern-humans-in-europe-share-a-cave-with-neanderthals/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/grotte-mandrin-fig-1c.jpgGrotte Mandrin Fig 1cThe cave of Grotte Mandrin in the Rhône Valley, France. (Credit: Slimak et al Fig 1c)2022-02-15T10:48:31+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/01/24/neocolonial-economic-bias-of-the-fossil-record-and-evolution/2022-01-24T15:24:32+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2022/01/10/holocene-migrations-of-people-into-britain/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/preromandna.jpgPreRomanDNAThe proportion of Early European Farmers DNA in British individuals from the Bronze Age (2400 BCE) to the Iron Age (750 BCE to 43 CE). Note the ‘fuzzy’ nature of the data, and that the decline in EEF in British individuals was not as great as earlier analyses had shown. Remarkably, the ‘Amesbury Archer’, who brought the first metals to Britain, had a higher proportion of EEF ancestry than the Early Bronze-Age average. (Credit: Patterson et al. Fig. 3)2022-01-10T13:49:13+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/12/03/some-homo-naledi-news/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/rising-star-cave.jpgrising star caveMap of the Rising Star cave system in Gautong Province South Africa. The yellow dot marks the chamber where Homo naledi fossils were first found; the red one is the site of a new discovery. (Credit: Elliott et al 2021, PaleoAnthropology. Issue 1.64, Fig. 1)2022-01-10T13:21:52+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/11/26/a-cometary-air-burst-over-south-america-12-thousand-years-ago/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/chile-glass.jpgChile glassChilean glass occurrence: panorama of large glass fragments in the Atacama Desert; a specimen of the glass; thin section of glass showing bubbles and dusty particles (Credit: Schultz et al. 2021; Figs 1B, 2D and 2C)2021-11-25T17:18:47+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/11/23/the-mid-pleistocene-transition-when-glacial-cycles-changed-to-100-ka/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/glial-cycles.jpegglial cyclesGlacial-interglacial cycles during the Pleistocenehttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/canadian-shield.jpgcanadian shieldThe surface on which the North American ice sheet moved – typical Canadian Shield.2021-11-23T17:32:52+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/11/16/new-ideas-on-how-subduction-works/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/subduction.jpgsubductionLeft: the subduction zone beneath Japan defined by seismic tomography (yellow to red = lower seismic wave speeds – more ductile; yellow to blue = higher speeds – more rigid). Right: modelled evolution of viscosity in a similar subduction zone under modern conditions showing slab segmentation (blue to brown = increasing viscosity). (Credit: Gerya et al., Figs 4c & 1a-e)2021-11-16T16:24:45+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/11/10/pinpointing-the-source-of-martian-meteorites-and-a-stab-at-magmatism-on-mars/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/tharsis-craters-and-volcanoes.jpgTharsis craters and volcanoesLaser-altimetry data that show two large impact craters and their ejecta aprons on the Tharsis Plateau of Mars and two of its huge volcanoes: grey-brown-red-orange-yellow-green = high-to-low elevations. (Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / Arizona State University)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/rayed-crater.jpgrayed craterKuiper crater on the Moon, with rays and secondary craters. (Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University, USA)2021-11-10T17:05:34+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/11/05/a-new-bureaucratised-hominin-homo-bodoensis/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/homo-evo.jpgHomo evoA new, simplified model for the evolution of the genus Homo over the last 2 million years (Credit: Roksandic et al Fig 1)2021-11-03T17:02:09+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/11/03/nappe-tectonics-at-the-end-of-the-archaean/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/orogen-north-china-craton.jpgOrogen North China cratonSchematic cross sections through the Zanhuan Complex of northern China, showing early and final development of the Central Orogenic Belt in the North China Block . (Credit: Zhong, YL. et al.;Figs 10b and c)2021-11-03T16:48:20+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/10/27/multiple-impacts-set-back-oxygen-build-up-in-the-archaean/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/goe.jpgGOESummary of the evolution of atmospheric oxygen and related geological features. The percentage scale is logarithmic. Credit Alex Glass, Duke University2021-10-27T12:04:59+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/10/09/wide-criticism-of-sodom-airburst-hypothesis-emerges/2021-10-09T18:20:04+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/10/08/a-bronze-age-catastrophe-the-destruction-of-sodom-and-gomorrah/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/tall-el-hammam.jpgTall el HammamTop - oblique aerial view of the mound at Tal el Hammam looking to the south-west; Bottom - the Lower Jordan Valley and Bronze age talls superimposed by the extent of the area devastated by the 1908 Tunguska air-burst. (credit: Bunch et al. 2021, Figs 1b and 52)2021-10-09T17:20:30+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/10/04/climate-change-reducing-earths-albedo/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/pdo_pattern.pngPDO_PatternSea-surface temperature anomalies over the Pacific Ocean during a ‘positive’ phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation – reversal to a ‘negative’ phase cools the eastern Pacific and warms the west (Credit: Wikipdia)2021-10-01T14:54:47+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/09/28/earliest-americans-and-denisovan-art/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/hands-and-feet.jpghands and feetTravertine outcrop covered with hand- and footprints at Quesang on the Tibetan Plateau (Credit: Zhang et al., Fig. 1c)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/white-sands-foot-prints.jpgwhite sands foot printsFootprints thought to have been made by children and teenagers between 23 and 21 thousand years ago in lake shore muds at White Sands, New Mexico. (Credit Bennett et al. 2021)2021-09-30T11:26:04+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/09/24/influence-of-massive-igneous-intrusions-on-end-triassic-mass-extinction/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/camp-lavas-morocco.jpgCAMP lavas MoroccoFlood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province in Morocco (Credit: Andrea Marzoli)2021-09-24T12:03:39+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/09/17/anthropocene-more-an-event-than-an-epoch/2021-11-20T14:51:07+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/08/31/opportunities-for-anatomically-modern-humans-to-have-left-africa/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/migration-windows.jpgmigration windowsAnnual precipitation during each millennium of the Late Pleistocene for the two most likely out-of-Africa routes. The double green lines show the lower level of tolerance for hunter gatherers. The percentage of decades during which ANH could sustain themselves is colour-coded in blues. (Credit: Beyer et al. Fig 2)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/amhsites.jpgAMHsitesKey ages of early H. sapiens, Neanderthals and Denisovans (credit: Delson, 2019; Fig. 1)2021-09-02T17:04:33+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/08/25/when-greenland-was-a-warm-place/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/greenland-ice_sheet_hg.jpgGreenland-ice_sheet_hgThe edge of the ice cap in NE Greenland (credit: Wikipedia)2021-08-25T17:20:16+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/08/17/geothermal-heat-from-coalfields-a-green-revolution/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/0_orange-river.jpg0_orange-riverPollution of South Esk river near Edinburgh by water from old coal-mine workings (Credit: EdinburghLive, 11 June 2020)2021-08-17T14:34:37+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/08/10/apocalypse-soon-will-current-global-warming-trigger-a-mass-extinction/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/tve.jpgTvEChanges since the end of the Ordovician: red = extinction rate in time bins; green = the greatest magnitude of change in temperature in each bin; blue- the greatest rate of temperature change in each bin. Grey bars show mass extinctions (Credit: Song et al., Fig 1)2021-08-11T16:50:48+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/07/28/subduction-and-continental-collision-in-the-himalaya/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/india-drift.jpgIndia driftThe Indian subcontinent after it separated from Madagascar in the Late Cretaceous to move northwards to its destined collision with Eurasia and the formation of the Himalaya. (Credit: Frame from an animation ©Christopher Scotese)2021-07-28T13:08:25+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/07/14/signs-of-milankovich-effect-during-snowball-earth-episodes/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/banded-iron-formation.jpgBanded Iron FormationTypical banded iron formation2021-07-14T16:20:34+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/07/06/global-warming-can-mantle-rocks-reduce-the-greenhouse-effect/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ophiolites.pngophiolitesDistribution of ophiolites around the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Seas. Many orogenic belts are endowed to a similar extent. (Credit: Gültekin Topuz, Istanbul Technical University)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/altered-peridotite.jpgAltered peridotiteMantle rock in the Oman ophiolite, showing cores of fresh peridotite, surrounded by brownish serpentinite and white magnesium carbonate veins (credit: Juerg Matter, Oman Drilling Project, Southampton University, UK)2021-07-06T13:59:09+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/06/30/massive-hominin-skull-from-china-is-it-a-denisovan/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/harbin-cranium.jpgHarbin craniumAll-sided views of the Harbin cranium. (Credit: Ni et al., Fig 2)2021-07-02T13:34:10+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/06/24/tectonics-on-venus/2021-06-24T11:56:42+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/06/17/is-there-a-future-for-coal/2021-06-17T13:03:33+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/06/09/the-early-signs-of-counting-and-arithmetic/2021-06-15T07:33:30+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/06/03/the-great-anthropocene-debate/2021-06-03T11:07:36+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/05/25/green-metal-mining/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/bingham.jpgBinghamBingham Canyon copper mine in Utah, USA; at 4.5 km diameter and 1.2 km depth it is the world’s largest excavation. (Credit: Mining Magazine) 2021-05-26T11:16:42+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/05/20/update-can-a-supernova-affect-the-earth-system/2021-05-20T13:22:40+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/05/18/the-subduction-pulley-a-new-feature-of-plate-tectonics/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/slz.jpgSLZGeological map of part of the Italian Alps. The Sesia-Lanzo Zone is 6 in the Key: a - highly deformed gneisses; b - metasedimentary schists with granite intrusions; c - mafic rocks; d - mixed mantle and crystalline basement rocks. (Credit: M. Assanelli, Universita degli Studi di Milano)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/slab-pulley.jpgslab pulleyAn ‘engineering’ simplification of the subduction pulley. Different elements represent slab weight (slab pull force) transmitted through a pulley at the trench to a weak microcontinent and a strong oceanic lithosphere. (Credit: Gün et al., Fig. 4)2021-05-18T16:23:13+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/05/12/csi-and-detecting-the-presence-of-ancient-humans/2021-05-12T17:10:42+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/05/06/multicelled-fossils-from-the-1-ga-old-torridonian-of-scotland/2021-05-06T16:01:46+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/04/29/wildfires-and-the-formation-of-sugar-loaf-hills/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/wave-rock.jpgwave rockWave Rock in the interior of Western Australia is 15 m high and 100 m long and revered by the local Ballardong people as a creation of the Rainbow Serpenthttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/sugarloaf.jpgSugarloafVista of Rio de Janeiro and its inselbergs (Credit: Leonardo Ferreira Mendes, Creative Commons)2021-04-29T16:39:02+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/04/25/climate-change-has-shifted-earths-poles/2021-04-26T14:38:18+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/04/19/multitudes-of-tyrannosaurus-rex-in-cretaceous-north-america/2021-04-19T16:06:52+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/04/11/relationships-between-modern-humans-and-neanderthals/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/humans-and-neanderthals-1.jpghumans and neanderthalsThe likely appearances of Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans when they first met between 50 and 40 thousand years ago. (Credit: Jason Ford, New York University)2021-04-11T12:29:33+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/04/06/when-did-supercontinents-start-forming/2021-04-08T15:29:40+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/04/01/snippet-early-human-collection-of-useless-objects/2021-04-01T12:22:07+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/03/28/arctic-warmer-than-now-half-a-million-years-ago/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/greenland-caves.jpgGreenland cavesLimestone caves in the arid Grottedal region of north-eastern Greenland (Credit: Moseley et al. 2021; Fig 2D)2021-03-28T16:49:13+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/03/22/where-is-marss-water/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/jezerocrater.jpgjezerocraterA delta at the edge of Jazero Crater on Mars; definite evidence that water once flowedinto the crater. Colurs show variations in different minerals in the delta sediments (credit: Brown University)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/mars-gale-crater.jpgMars gale craterThe lake-bed sediments of Gale Crater on Mars from NASA’s Curiosity rover (credit: NASA/JPL, California Institute of Technology)2021-03-22T16:43:38+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/12/14/how-like-the-neanderthals-are-we/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/la-chappelle.jpgLa chappelleReconstructed burial of a Neanderthal individual at La Chappelle-aux-Saints (Credit: Musée de La Chapelle-aux-Saints, Corrèze, France)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/6968b-neanderthal-on-london-underground.jpgNeanderthal on London undergroundAn actor made-up to resemble a Neanderthal man in a business suit traveling on the London Underground. (Source: screen-grab from BBC2 Neanderthals - Meet Your Ancestors)2021-03-21T15:13:16+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/03/15/the-dna-of-some-old-mammoths/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/mammoth_tooth.jpgmammoth_toothWooly mammoth tooth offered for sale at Christie’s in 2015, which fetched £2750 (Credit: Christie’s on-line archives)2021-03-14T13:11:55+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/03/08/news-from-the-chicxulub-drilling-project/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/chicxulub-asteroid.jpgChicxulub-AsteroidArtist’s impression of an asteroid slamming into the shallow sea off the present Yucatán Peninsula about 65 Ma ago (Credit: Donald E. Davis of NASA)2021-03-04T17:33:26+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/03/04/indian-groundwater-shortage-threatens-food-production/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ndiaground.jpgndiaground2021-03-04T17:19:45+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/02/24/magnetic-reversal-and-demise-of-the-neanderthals/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/kauri.jpgKauriAn ancient kauri tree log recovered by swampland excavations in New Zealand. (Credit: Jonathan Palmer, in Voosen 2021)2021-02-24T16:11:13+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/02/17/when-the-arctic-ocean-was-filled-with-fresh-water/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/arctic-ocean-1.jpgArctic ocean2021-02-15T16:32:14+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/02/12/and-heres-another-snippet-neanderthal-link-to-our-brain/2021-02-12T12:42:38+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/02/11/worth-a-read-genes-that-prepared-fish-to-invade-the-land/2021-02-11T12:25:32+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/02/09/the-ancestry-of-our-opposable-thumbs/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/finger-muscles.jpgfinger musclesThe main muscles that control the movements of modern human fingers and thumb (Credit: Wikipedia)2021-02-09T13:07:21+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/02/04/global-warming-an-important-revision/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/holocene-sst.jpgHolocene SSTPlots of global mean sea-surface temperature estimates during the Holocene: blue – based on the Mg/Ca ratios in the tests of planktic foraminifera; red – the Mg/Ca data corrected for seasonal bias (the pale blue and pink areas encompass the full range of mid-latitude marine records); grey – modelling based on all potential forcing factors, including anthropogenic greenhouse emissions. (credit: Jennifer Hertzberg, 2021; Fig 1)2021-02-02T18:25:21+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/01/29/how-flowering-plants-may-have-regulated-atmospheric-oxygen/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/woman-and-meganeura.jpgwoman and meganeuraWoman holding a reconstructed Late Carboniferous dragonfly (Namurotypus sippeli)2021-01-31T10:56:14+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/01/23/the-oldest-known-impact-structure/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/akia.pngAkiaThe Archaean geology of part of the Akia Terrane (Manitsoq area) in West Greenland. The suggested impact structure is centred on the Finnefjeld Gneiss (V symbols) surrounded by highly deformed ultramafic to mafic igneous rocks. (Credit: Jochen Kolb, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany)2021-01-21T17:34:41+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/01/18/tsunami-risk-in-east-africa/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/tsunamites.jpgtsunamitesSand sheets attributed to a succession of tsunamis, interbedded with peaty soils deposited in a swamp on Phra Thong Island, Thailand. Note that a sand sheet deposited by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami is directly beneath the current swamp surface (Credit: US Geological Survey)2021-01-18T18:19:03+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2021/01/09/weak-lithosphere-delayed-the-formation-of-continents/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/dev-cont-lithosphere.jpgdev cont lithosphereDevelopment of depleted and viscous sub-continental mantle on the early Earth - a precedes b. (credit, Capitanio et al.; Fig 5)2021-01-09T17:48:07+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/12/28/thawing-permafrost-release-of-carbon-and-the-role-of-iron/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/permafrost-1.jpgpermafrostProjected shrinkage of permanently frozen ground i around the Arctic Ocean over the next 60 yearshttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/thawing-permafrost.jpgthawing permafrostThawing permafrost in Siberia and associated collapse structures2021-01-17T20:19:29+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/12/18/origin-of-life-some-news/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/hmt-crystals.jpgHMT crystalsCrystals of hexamethylenetetramine (Credit: r/chemistry, Reddit)2020-12-18T19:12:23+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/12/02/doggerland-and-the-storegga-tsunami/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/doggerland.jpgdoggerlandThe shrinkage of Doggerland since 16,000 BCE (Credit: Europe's Lost Frontiers Project, University of Bradford)2020-12-02T17:00:26+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/11/29/human-impact-on-surface-geological-processes/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/soil-erosion.jpgsoil erosion‘Badlands’ formed by accelerated soil erosion.https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/deposition-rate-with-time.jpgdeposition rate with timeNorth American rates of alluvium deposition since 40 Ka ago – the time axis is logarithmic. (Credit: Kemp et al., 2020; Fig. 2)2020-11-29T15:49:01+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/11/20/earliest-sign-of-a-sense-of-aesthetics/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/pebbleface.jpgpebblefaceThe Makapansgat Pebble. Inverted it still resembles a face and its obverse side does too.2020-11-20T18:10:25+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/11/10/kerguelen-plateau-a-long-lived-large-igneous-province/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/kerguelen.jpgKerguelenBathymetry of the Indian Ocean south-west of Australia, showing the Kerguelen Plateau and South-east Indian Ridge. The red arrows show the amount of sea-floor spreading on either side of the Ridge since it began to open. The pale blue area at the NE end of the arrow was formerly part of the Plateau (credit: Google Earth)2020-11-10T16:06:08+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/11/03/more-denisovan-connections/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/skullcap.jpgskullcapSkull cap of a female modern human from Salkhit in Outer Mongolia, which superficially resembles those of Homo erectus from Java (Credit: Massilani et al. Fig 1a; © Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences)2020-11-03T18:40:19+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/10/30/up-to-date-review-of-animals-before-the-cambrian-explosion/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/fccd0-wacky_worm1.jpgwacky_worm1The latest reconstruction of Hallucigenia, by Danielle Dufault2020-10-30T13:55:35+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/10/27/environmental-change-and-early-human-innovation/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/66947-olorgesailie.jpgOlorgesailieAcheulean biface tools strewn on a bedding surface in the Olorgesailie Basin, Kenya (credit: mmercedes_78 https://www.flickr.com/photos/27325832@N06/3833105587)2020-10-27T18:09:33+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/10/22/how-continental-keels-and-cratons-may-have-formed/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/precambrian-subduction.jpgPrecambrian subductionDevelopment of a cratonic keel from melt-depleted lithospheric mantle during early Precambrian subduction. Mantle temperature is 250°C higher than it is today. The oceanic lithosphere being subducted in (a has become a series of stagnant slabs in (b)) Inset in d shows ??? (credit: Perchuk et al.; Fig. 2)2020-10-22T16:09:08+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/10/12/balanced-boulders-and-seismic-hazard/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/first-seismometer.jpgfirst seismometerThe seismometer invented by early Chinese engineer Zhang Henghttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/precarious-boulder.jpgPrecarious boulderA precarious boulder in coastal central California (credit: Anna Rood & Dylan Rood, Imperial College London)2020-10-13T07:40:43+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/10/06/supernova-at-the-start-of-the-pleistocene/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/supernova.jpgSupernova2020-10-06T17:43:01+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/10/01/severe-covid-19-associated-with-neanderthal-inheritance/2020-10-01T18:47:53+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/09/29/photosynthesis-arsenic-and-a-window-on-the-archaean-world/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/atacama-microbial-mats-1.jpgAtacama microbial matsMicrobial mats made by purple sulfur bacteria in highly toxic spring water flowing into a salt-lake in northern Chile. (credit: Visscher et al. 2020; Fig 1c)2020-09-29T17:54:30+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/09/22/did-early-humans-learn-to-cook-in-olduvai-gorge/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/biface.jpgbifaceA flint bifacial stone artefact from the Palaeolithic of Norfolk, UK, which incorporates a bivalve fossilhttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/mit-hydrothermal-cooking-01_0.jpgMIT-Hydrothermal-Cooking-01_0Artist’s impression of Homo erectus cooking an antelope in a 1.7 Ma hot spring at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania (credit: Tom Björklund, MIT)2020-10-03T10:09:53+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/09/16/end-triassic-mass-extinction-evidence-for-oxygen-depletion-on-the-ocean-floor/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tr-j-earth.jpgTr-J EarthPangaea just before the start of Atlantic opening at the end of the Triassic, showing the estimated extend of the CAMP large igneous province. The pink triangles show the sites investigated by He and colleagues.2020-09-16T17:35:57+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/09/10/diamonds-and-the-deep-carbon-cycle/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/garnet_inclusion_in_diamond.jpgGarnet_inclusion_in_diamondDiamond crystal containing a garnet and other inclusions (Credit: Stephen Richardson, University of Cape Town, South Africa)2020-09-10T16:44:42+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/09/04/monitoring-ground-motions-with-satellite-radar/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/insar-2.jpgInSAR 2East to west speed of the Anatolian micro-plate south of the North Anatolian Fault derived from the first five years of the EU’s Sentinel-1 InSAR constellation. Major known faults shown by black lines (Credit: Emre, O. et al. 2018. Active fault database of Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, v. 16, p. 3229-3275; DOI: 10.1007/s10518-016-0041-2)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/insar-1.jpgInSAR 1Caption Ground motions associated with the 2016 Kaiköuea earthquake on the South Island of New Zealand. Each colour fringe represents 11.4 cm of displacement in the radar line-of-sight (LOS) direction. Known faults are shown as thick black lines (Credit: Hamling et al. 2017. Complex multifault rupture during the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, New Zealand. Science, v. 356, article eaam7194; DOI: 10.1126/science.aam7194)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/insar-3.jpgInSAR 3InSAR image of the Sierra Negra volcano on Isabela Island in the Galapagos Archipelago, at the time of a magma body intruding its flanks. Each colour fringe represents 2.8 cm of subsidence in the LOS direction (Credit: Anantrasirichai, N. et al. 2019. A deep learning approach to detecting volcano deformation from satellite imagery using synthetic datasets. Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 230, article 111179; DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2019.04.032)2020-09-04T16:59:46+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/09/01/natural-sparkling-water-and-seismicity/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/appennine-co-2.jpgAppennine CO-22020-09-20T14:15:25+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/08/27/mud-mud-glorious-mud/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/mud.jpgmud2020-08-27T15:37:39+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/08/21/can-a-supernova-affect-the-earth-system/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/devonian-reef-1.jpgDevonian reefDiorama of an Early Devonian reef with tabulate and rugose corals and trilobites (Credit: Richard Bizley)2020-08-21T16:12:37+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/08/13/centenary-of-the-milankovic-theory/2020-08-13T14:26:53+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/07/27/earliest-americans-and-plenty-of-them/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/preclovis.jpgPreClovisDated pre-Clovis sites in Mexico and North America and possible expanding distribution of people from 31.3 to 14.2 ka (Credit; Becerra-Valdivia and Higham; Extended Data Fig. 4)2020-08-11T12:39:17+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/08/12/the-younger-dryas-and-volcanic-eruptions/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/laacher-see.jpglaacher-seeThe Laacher See caldera lake in the recently active Eifel volcanic province in western Germany2020-08-10T16:56:29+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/08/09/kicking-off-planetary-snowball-conditions/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/mars-drainage-1.jpgmars drainageA Martian channel system: note later cratering (credit: European Space Agency)2020-08-09T17:10:34+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/08/03/2019-annual-logs-added/2020-08-02T17:17:57+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/07/30/isotopic-clues-to-diet-of-early-hominins/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/turkana-ca.jpgTurkana CaCalcium isotope data from early hominins and some modern primates. Increasingly negative values of δ44/42Ca signify lower values of the ratio compared with a standard. (Credit: Martin et al. 2020; Fig. 1)2020-07-29T12:31:40+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/07/21/submarine-landslides-and-formation-of-the-east-african-rift-system/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/mafia-slide.jpgMafia slideSeismic reflection profile parallel to the Tanzania coastline with the Mafia mega-slid highlighted in green (Credit: MAselli et al. 2020; Fig. 5)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ears.jpgEARSThe East African Rift System (Credit: P.C. Neupane, M.Sc thesis 2011; Fig. 1)2020-07-21T18:10:23+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/07/14/can-rock-weathering-halt-global-warming/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/carbon-rock-cycle.jpgcarbon rock cycleCarbon dioxide in the rock cycle (Credit: Skeptical Science, in Wikipedia)2020-07-15T17:06:09+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/07/08/turmoil-in-roman-republic-followed-alaskan-volcanic-eruption/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/okmok.jpgOkmokThe Okmok caldera on the Aleutian island of Umnak (Credit: Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada USA)2020-07-09T09:44:25+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/07/03/did-an-impact-affected-hunter-gatherers-living-at-the-start-of-the-younger-dryas/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/08223-untitled-2.jpgUntitled-2Colour-coded subglacial topography from airborne radar sounding over the Hiawatha Glacier of NW Greenland (Credit: Kjaer et al. 2018; Fig. 1D)2020-07-03T15:59:23+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/06/29/fossil-fuel-mercury-and-the-end-of-most-palaeozoic-life/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/806d2-siberian-trap.jpgsiberian trapSiberian flood-basalt flows in Putorana, Taymyr Peninsula. (Credit: Paul Wignall; Nature http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7364/fig_tab/477285a_F1.html)2020-06-26T14:26:11+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/06/22/a-protein-clue-to-h-antecessors-role-in-human-evolution/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/homo_antecessor-child.jpgHomo_antecessor childCaption Forensic reconstruction of the remains of a Homo antecessor child from Gran Dolina Cave in northern Spain (credit Élisabeth Daynès, Museo de la Evolución, Burgos, Spain)2020-06-22T16:05:57+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/06/18/what-controls-the-height-of-mountains/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/himalaya.jpghimalayaA small part of the High Himalaya (credit: Access-Himalaya)2020-06-18T15:51:57+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/06/12/geochemistry-and-the-ediacaran-animals/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/gondwana.pngGondwanaCaption The Gondwana supercontinent that accumulated during the Neoproterozoic to dominate the Earth at the time of the Ediacaran (credit: Fama Clamosa, at Wikimedia Commons)2020-06-12T15:44:23+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/06/05/is-there-water-in-the-earths-core/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/schematic-diagram-showing-possible-earth-core-formation-mechanisms-magma-ocean-and.pngSchematic-diagram-showing-possible-Earth-core-formation-mechanisms-Magma-ocean-andA recent model for core formation (credit Crystal Y. Shi et al 2013; DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1956 Fig. 5)2020-06-05T11:33:32+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/05/26/arsenic-hazard-on-a-global-scale/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/arsenic-map.jpgarsenic mapModelled global probability of arsenic concentration in groundwater exceeding 10 μg l-1. Click to display a larger map in a separate browser tab. (credit: Podgorski & Berg; Fig 2A, with enhanced colour)2020-05-26T16:08:43+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/05/20/update-on-climate-and-sea-level-change-during-the-cenozoic/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/cenozoic.jpgCenozoicLatest palaeoclimate data for the Cenozoic Era. A oxygen-isotope data from benthic foraminifera (pale blue = polar icecaps, green = ice-free, pink – hothouse); B estimated mean sea-surface temperature from the calcium/magnesium ratio in Pacific Ocean cores; C variation in global mean sea level estimated from A and corrected for changes in the density of seawater due to water temperature (B); D atmospheric CO2 variations estimated using various proxies – see top right box. Click on the image to show a full-size version in a new browser tab. (Credit: Miller et al. 2020; Fig. 1)2020-05-20T16:59:34+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/05/15/more-time-for-modern-humans-to-have-mingled-with-neanderthals/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/baco-kiro-cave.jpgBaco Kiro caveBacho Kiro cave in Bulgaria (credit: Getty images)2020-05-14T16:35:16+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/05/14/changing-conditions-of-metamorphism-since-the-archaean/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/earth-evolution.jpgEarth evolutionPeter Cawood's 'take' on the relationship between tectonic development and other important variables in the Earth-system with the estimate by Brown et al. of the mean metamorphic T/P ('thermobaric') variation through Earth historyhttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/facies.jpgfaciesThe latest division in pressure-temperature space of different styles of metamorphism (colours) and the main mineral equilibria (dashed lines) that define them2020-05-14T16:26:08+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/05/05/genetic-material-from-a-baby-dinosaur/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/dinosaur-embryos.jpgDinosaur embryosA clutch of Massospondylus carinatus eggs from the Cretaceous of Montana (credit: Brett Eloff)2020-05-05T17:38:08+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/04/29/earliest-direct-evidence-of-plate-motions/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/polar-wander.pngpolar wanderApparent polar wander paths for two continents for a period when they were united then split and were separated by sea-floor spreading, eventually to collide and reunite 2020-04-29T17:47:36+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/04/23/pterosaur-corner/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/launch-of-hatzegopteryx.jpglaunch of HatzegopteryxReconstruction of the giant pterosaur Hatzegopteryx launching into the air, just after the forelimbs have left the ground (credit: Mark Witton)2020-04-23T16:58:45+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/04/14/how-did-monkeys-get-to-south-america/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/35-ma.jpg35 MaWorld palaeogeography at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. The site of a recent fossil primate discovery in eastern Peru is marked by the yellow dot.2020-04-14T17:25:10+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/04/11/human-evolution-links/2020-04-11T16:49:21+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/04/07/alternative-explanation-for-interglacial-climate-instabilities-and-a-warning/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/circulation-speed.jpgcirculation speedModelled circulation rate of Atlantic circulation during 10 ka of the last interglacial before the Holocene (credit: Thomas Stocker, 2020 Science)2020-04-07T21:31:04+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/04/02/early-days-of-the-dog/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/pet-wolf.jpgpet wolfRaven the wolf greets a visitor to the Mission: Wolf sanctuary in Colorado USA (credit: Wikipedia)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/paleolithic-dog.pngpaleolithic dogSkull of a 28,500-year-old ‘protodog’ from the Czech Republic, with a bone between its teeth – probably placed there after death (credit: Peter Ungar, University of Arkansas)2020-04-02T17:13:54+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/03/26/a-lowly-worm-from-the-ediacaran/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/lowly-worm.jpglowly wormIkaria wariootia; top: Specimen of (arrow) associated with Helminthoidchnites in sandstone (credit: Evans et al.; Fig 2 A); bottom: Artist’s rendition of Ikaria wariootia living on the Ediacaran seabed (credit: Evans et al.; Fig 3 and Sohail Wasif, UCR)2020-03-26T17:55:38+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/03/19/dinosaur-corner/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/jurassic-skye.jpgJurassic SkyeArtist’s rendering of a Middle Jurassic coastal plain in what is now the Isle of Skye across which a mixed dinosaur megafauna is migrating (credit: De Polo et al. 2020; Fig. 24; artist Jon Hoad)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/amber.jpgamberAmber pebble from Myanmar containing a tiny vertebrate’s skull (credit: Lida Xing, China University of Geosciences)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/tiny-dinosaur.jpgtiny dinosaurMicro-CT image of Oculudentavis khaungraaeI skull (top); artist’s impression of it in life (bottom) (credits: Xing, L. et al. 2020; Jingmai O’Connor, China University of Geosciences)2020-03-20T12:31:24+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/03/15/earliest-plate-tectonics-tied-down/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/hadean.jpghadeanArtist’s impression of the old-style hellish Hadean (Credit : Dan Durday, Southwest Research Institute)2020-03-15T18:51:48+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/03/10/further-back-in-the-eurasian-human-story/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/interbreeding.jpginterbreedingA ‘state-of-play’ view of human interbreeding in Eurasia since 2 Ma ago (credit: Gibbons 2020)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/superarchaic.jpgsuperarchaic700 ka Homo erectus from Java: a possible Eurasian ‘super-archaic’ human (credit: Gibbons 2020)2020-03-10T12:51:49+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/03/04/an-early-archaean-waterworld/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/water-world.jpgWater-WorldArtistic impression of the early Earth dominated by oceans (Credit: Sci-news.com)2020-05-13T13:36:10+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/02/28/soluble-iron-and-global-climate/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/iron.jpgironAnalyses of Antarctic ice cores record fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 trapped in bubbles during the last ice age (top) and how iron-rich dust deposition onto the ice increased hugely during two major cold periods (bottom) – the last glacial maximum (35 to 18 ka) and between 70 and 60 ka. (Credit, Stoll; Fig. 1)2020-02-28T17:34:24+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/02/20/how-did-the-planets-form/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/arrokoth-3d.gifArrokoth-3DAnimation of the 3-D shape of planetesimal Arrokoth. (Credit: Roman Tkachenko, NASA)2020-02-20T22:17:27+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/02/05/everyone-now-has-their-inner-neanderthal/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/neanderthal.jpegNeanderthalReconstruction of Neanderthal male2020-02-14T18:10:22+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/02/13/finding-archaean-atmosphere-composition-using-micrometeorites/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/micrometeorites.jpgmicrometeorites2020-02-11T17:15:08+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/01/28/closure-for-the-k-pg-extinction-event/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/k-pg-oxygen-1.jpgK-Pg oxygenMarine temperature record derived from δ18O and Mg/Ca ratios spanning 1.5 Ma that includes the K-Pg boundary: the bold brown line shows the general trend derived from the data points (Credit: Hull et al. 2020; Fig 1)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/k-pg-carbon-1.jpgK-Pg carbonChanges in carbon isotopes (δ13C) of bulk carbonate samples from the sediment cores (points) and in deep-water foraminifera (shaded areas) across the K-Pg boundary. (Credit: Hull et al. 2020; Fig 2A)2020-02-10T11:13:20+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/12/09/should-you-worry-about-being-killed-by-a-meteorite/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/f10_1.pngF10_1Michelle Knapp's Chevrolet Malibu the morning after a stony-iron mmeteorite struck it. Bought for US$ 300, Michelle sold it for US$ 25,000 and the meteorite fetched US$ 50,000 (credit: John Bortle)2020-02-10T11:01:23+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/01/24/the-dilemma-of-rwandas-lake-kivu/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/kivuwatt-rwanda-barge_resize_md.jpgKIVUWATT-rwanda-barge_resize_mdMethane extraction rig on Lake Kivu. (Credit: Contour Global)2020-02-11T06:37:56+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/01/15/mineral-grains-far-older-than-the-solar-system/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/presolar-grain.jpgpresolar grainA presolar grain from the Murchison meteorite made up of silicon carbide crystals (credit: Janaína N. Ávila)2020-01-15T18:25:26+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/01/12/active-volcanic-processes-on-venus/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/venus.jpgVenusPancake domes on the surface of Venus, about 65 km wide and 1 km thick, imaged by orbital radar carried by NASA's Magellan Mission.https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/venus-vnir.jpgVenus VNIRColour-coded image of night-time thermal emissivity over Venus’s southern hemisphere as sensed by VIRTIS on Venus Express (Credit: M. Gilmore 2017, Space Sci. Rev. DOI 10.1007/s11214-017-0370-8; Fig. 3)2020-01-09T16:26:17+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2020/01/06/the-last-known-homo-erectus/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/erectus-2.jpgTurkana Boy modelReconstruction of the Nariokotome Boy from the skeleton found in the Turkana Basin of Kenya (credit: Atelier Daynes/Science Photo Library)2020-01-07T11:48:41+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/12/21/chewing-gum-and-the-genetics-of-an-ancient-human/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/gum-chewer.jpggum chewerAn artist’s impression of a Mesolithic woman from southern Denmark (credit: Tom Bjorklund)2019-12-22T15:09:21+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/12/16/how-marine-animal-life-survived-just-snowball-earth-events/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/diamict3.jpgdiamict3A Cryogenian glacial diamictite containing boulders of many different provenances from the Garvellach Islands off the west coast of Scotland. (Credit: Steve Drury)2019-12-16T18:15:53+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/12/07/when-rain-kick-started-evolution/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/triassic_sedimentary_strata_somerset_1.jpgTriassic_Sedimentary_Strata_Somerset_1Triassic grey terrestrial sediments on the Somerset coat SW England (credit: Margaret W. Carruthers; https://www.flickr.com/photos/64167416@N03/albums/72157659852255255)2019-12-08T11:36:49+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/12/04/why-did-anatomically-modern-humans-replace-neanderthals/2019-12-02T17:04:00+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/12/01/risks-of-sudden-changes-linked-to-climate/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/f21_5.pngTippingCartoon metaphor for a 'tipping point' as water is added to a bucket pivoted on a horizontal axis2019-12-02T14:26:52+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/11/27/sedimentary-deposits-of-the-anthropocene/2019-11-28T12:43:25+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/11/21/extraterrestrial-sugar/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/pia16610-640.jpgpia16610-640Artist's impression of the asteroid belt from which most meteorites are thougtht to originate (Credit: NASA/JPL)2019-11-21T18:12:12+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/11/14/early-human-migrations-in-southern-africa/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/homeland-map_1280p.jpgokavangoThe Okavango Delta today during the wet season (Credit: Wikimedia Commons)2019-11-14T15:38:04+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/11/11/tracing-back-hominin-evolution-further/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/danuvius.jpgDanuviusBones from 4 Danuvius guggenmosi individuals. Note the diminutive sizes compared with living apes (Credit: Christoph Jäckle)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/oreopithecus_bambolii_1.jpgOreopithecus_bambolii_1Near-complete skeleton of Oreopithecus bambolii from Italy (credit: Wikipedia Commons)2019-11-13T17:39:05+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/11/07/how-permanent-is-the-greenland-ice-sheet/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/basal-ice-e1572975559928.jpgbasal iceSediment recovered from the base of the Camp Century core through the Greenland ice sheet (credit Jean-Louis Tison, Free University of Brussels)2019-11-05T17:45:21+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/11/05/more-on-the-younger-dryas-causal-mechanism/2019-11-03T18:25:42+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/10/31/how-does-plate-tectonics-work/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/4-whatmakesthe.jpg4-whatmakestheStill from a movie of simulated breakup of a supercontinent, in bland bue-grey, showing what happens at the surface (left) and, at the same time, in the mantle (right): note the influence of rising plumes (credit: Nicolas Coltice)2019-10-31T17:48:26+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/10/25/what-followed-the-k-pg-extinction-event/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/taeniolabis_nt_small-1.jpgTaeniolabis_NT_smallReconstruction of the 35 kg early Palaeocene mammal Taeniolabis (credit: Wikipedia)2019-10-25T16:51:19+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/10/15/chaos-and-the-palaeocene-eocene-thermal-maximum/2019-10-15T15:27:09+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/10/11/ancient-oil-migration/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/gunflint-1.jpggunflintInterleaved chert (white) and ironstone of the Palaeoproterozoic Gunflint Iron Formation of Ontario, Canada and Minnesota, USA.2019-10-11T15:51:33+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/09/27/ordovician-ice-age-an-extraterrestrial-trigger/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/ord-met-1.jpgord metL-chondrite meteorite in iron-stained Ordovician limestone together with a nautiloid (credit: Birger Schmitz)2019-09-27T17:20:45+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/09/12/last-day-of-the-dinosaurs/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/imgp6086.jpgIMGP6086Artist's impression of the Chicxulub impact (Credit: Barcroft Productions for the BBC)2019-09-12T22:50:47+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/09/10/life-with-the-neanderthals/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/le-rozel.jpgLe RozelThe Le Rozel excavation, with weighted plastic sheets to protect the site from erosion between visits (credit: Dominique Cliquet)2019-09-11T09:48:26+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/08/29/australopithecus-anamensis-a-face-to-fit-the-name/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/anamensis.jpganamensisThe near-complete cranium of an Au. anamensis found in the Afar Depression of NE Ethiopia. Note the lateral fflattening caused by sedimentary burial. (Credit: Cleveland Museum of Natural History)2019-08-29T17:02:50+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/08/29/symbolic-art-made-by-denisovans/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/denisovan-arft.jpgdenisovan arftTop: lines etched through ochre veneer on a rib bone from Lingjing, China; bottom: hashed lines carved on a faceted block of hematite from Blombos Cave (Credit: Li et al 2019; Fig. 3 and Chris Henshilwood)2019-08-29T14:13:09+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/08/21/uk-shale-gas-fracking-potential-dramatically-revised-downwards/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/bowland-shale-1.jpgBowland Shale 1Areas in Britain underlain by the Bowland Shale formation (credit: British Geological Survey)2019-08-21T16:24:10+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/08/12/metamorphic-evidence-of-plate-tectonic-evolution/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/metc-pvt.jpgMetc PvTPressure-temperature data from Jurassic and younger metamorphic rocks (a) pressure vs temperature plot; (b) Frequency distribution vs log thermal gradient. (Credit: Holder et al. 2019, Fig. 1)2019-08-15T11:48:59+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/08/15/humans-gorged-on-giant-mole-rats-during-ethiopian-glaciation/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/giant_molerat-1.jpggiant_moleratAlert giant mole rat in Ethiopia's Bale Mountains (credit: M. Watson)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/erratic-bale.jpgerratic BaleGlacial erratic in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia (credit: James Steamer)2019-08-12T15:18:39+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/07/29/ediacaran-glaciated-surface-in-china/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/striae.jpgstriae29 Ma old striated pavement beneath the Dwyka Tillite in South Africa (credit: M.J Hambrey)2019-07-29T16:37:42+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/07/26/ecological-hazards-of-ocean-floor-mining/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ocean-floor-resources.jpgocean floor resourcesThe distribution of potential ocean-floor metal-rich resources (Credit: Hefferman 2019)2019-07-26T15:20:38+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/07/19/a-dinosaur-nesting-colony/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/dino-nest.jpgdino nestClutch of near-spherical dinosaur eggs from Mongolia: scale bar = 10 cm. (Credit: Kanaka et al. 2019; Fig. 2A)2019-07-20T18:48:49+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/07/11/out-of-africa-the-earliest-modern-human-to-leave/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/hominin-sites.jpghominin sitesKey ages of early H. sapiens, Neanderthals and Denisovans (credit: Delson, 2019; Fig. 1)2019-07-11T15:14:46+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/07/02/ancient-proteins-keys-to-early-human-evolution/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/collagen.jpgcollagenTriple helix structure of collagen, colour-coded to represent different amino acids (credit: Wikipedia)2019-07-03T16:50:33+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/05/06/denisovan-on-top-of-the-world/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/407458aa.2-2.jpg407458aa.2The Baishiya Karst Cave in eastern Tibet, with Buddhist prayer flags (credit: Dongju Zhang, Lanzhou University )2019-07-02T16:08:13+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/06/13/a-major-precambrian-impact-in-scotland/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/nw-scotland-geol-1.jpgNW Scotland geolGrossly simplified geological map of NW Scotland (credit: British Geological Survey)2019-06-27T15:21:01+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/05/14/younger-dryas-impact-trigger-evidence-from-chile/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/407458aa.2-3.jpg407458aa.2Temperature fluctuations over the Greenland ice cap during the past 17,000 years, showing the abrupt cooling during the Younger Dryas. (credit: Don Easterbrook)2019-06-27T15:17:52+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/05/14/frack-me-nicely/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/eagle-ford-shale-at-night.jpgeagle-ford-shale-at-nightThe sheer scale of shale-gas fracking in the US is indicated by the light emitted at night by well-lit installations and gas flares in a mature shale-gas basin in Texas targeting the mature, gas-rich Eagle Ford shale. (see: https://geology.com/articles/eagle-ford/)2019-06-27T15:17:23+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/05/23/change-4-and-the-moons-mantle/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/change.jpgChangEVariation in topography (blue – low to red – high) over the Moon’s South Pole, showing the Aitken Basin and the Chang’E-4 landing site. (Credit: NASA/Goddard)2019-06-27T15:16:57+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/05/31/anthropocene-edging-closer-to-being-official/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/lignite.jpgligniteThe Vattenfall lignite mine in Germany; the Anthropocene personified2019-06-27T15:16:16+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/05/31/earths-water-and-the-moon/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/earth-moon.jpgEarth-MoonSimulated view of the Earth from lunar orbit: the ‘wet’ and the ‘dry’. (credit: Adobe Stock image)2019-06-27T15:15:52+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/06/04/modelling-neanderthal-demographics-and-their-extinction/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/nea-family-1.jpgNea familyArtistic reconstruction of Neanderthal family group (credit: Nikola Solic, Reuters)2019-06-27T15:15:24+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/06/10/the-effect-of-surface-processes-on-tectonics/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/indo-gangetic.jpgindo gangeticActive sedimentation in the Indus and Upper Ganges plains (green vegetated) derived from rapid erosion of the Himalaya (credit: Google Earth)2019-06-27T15:14:47+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/06/17/soluble-iron-black-smokers-and-climate/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/bloom-1.jpgbloomPhytoplankton bloom in the Channel off SW England (Landsat image)2019-06-27T15:13:32+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/06/25/geochemical-background-to-the-ediacaran-explosion/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/3-gorge-c.jpg3 gorge CGeochemical changes recorded in the complete Ediacaran sedimentary sequence of the Three Gorges of the YAngtse River, China (credit: Tahata et al. 2013; Fig. 4)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/ediacaran-1.jpgediacaranArtist's impression of the Ediacaran Fauna (credit: Science)2019-06-27T14:11:32+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/06/27/multiple-invention-of-stone-tools/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/oldowan.jpgoldowanVarious 2.6 Ma old Oldowan stone tools from Ledi-Geraru, Ethiopia (credit: Braun et al., 2019)2019-06-25T17:12:16+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/homepage/2019-06-06T14:20:55+00:00weekly0.6https://earthlogs.org/free-ebooks/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/h2ocover.pngH2Ocoverhttps://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/sscover.pngSScover2019-05-29T10:51:34+00:00weekly0.6https://earthlogs.org/2019/01/07/early-stone-tools-spread-more-widely/2019-05-13T14:22:31+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/01/24/a-unifying-idea-for-the-origin-of-life/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/1fb83-407458aa.2-1.jpg407458aa.2A possible timeline for the origin of life during the Hadean Eon (Credit: Service, R.F. 2019, Science)2019-05-13T14:06:38+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/05/03/hobbits-found-in-the-philippines/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/407458aa.2.jpg407458aa.2Topography of the Philippines, showing location of the Kalinga site. Palest blue sea may have been above sea level only during extreme glacial maxima. (credit: Wikipedia)https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/407458aa.2.png407458aa.2Metal-rich ‘black smoker’ at a hydrothermal vent on the mid-Atlantic ridge(credit: Kate Larkin, Seascape, Belgium)2019-05-13T13:29:42+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/04/02/a-bad-day-at-the-end-of-the-cretaceous/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/20f02-gill-spherules.jpggill spherulesX-ray and CT images of impact spherules in the gills of a fossil sturgeon from the Tanis K-Pg site, North Dakota (credit DePalma et al. 2019; Fig. 6)2019-05-13T13:25:26+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/03/27/gravity-signals-of-earthquakes/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/49c2c-tsunami-punx.jpgTsunami PunxDevastation in NE Japan caused by the Tohoku-Oki tsunami in March 20112019-05-13T13:23:20+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/03/25/the-cambrian-explosion-a-broader-view/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/8ed43-407458aa.2-3.jpg407458aa.2Diorama of the Lower Cambrian Qingjiang fauna (Credit: Fu et al. 2019; Fig 4)2019-05-13T13:22:01+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/03/20/tectonics-and-glacial-epochs/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/9bf03-407458aa.2-2.jpg407458aa.2Top - variation in the total length of active, ophiolite-bearing sutures during the Phanerozoic; middle - length of such sutures in the tropics; bottom - extent of Phanerozoic glaciers. (Credit: Macdonald et al. 2019; Fig.22019-05-13T13:20:41+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/03/18/the-mid-pleistocene-transition/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/28806-407458aa.2-1.jpg407458aa.2The Southern Ocean, where most dissolved and gaseous carbon dioxide are emitted and absorbed by seawater (Credit: British Antarctic Survey)2019-05-13T13:18:24+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/03/11/better-dating-of-deccan-traps-and-the-k-pg-event/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/60d36-407458aa.2.jpg407458aa.2The Deccan Traps in the Western Ghats of India (Credit: Wikipedia)2019-05-13T13:16:53+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/02/21/plants-first-to-succumb-to-the-end-permian-event/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/136cf-407458aa.2-2.jpg407458aa.2The distinctive, tongue-like form of Glossopteris leaves that dominate the coal-bearing Permian strata of the southern coninents. Their occurrence in South America, Africa, India, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica prompted Alfred Wegener to suggest that these modern continents had been united in Pangaea by Permian times: a key to continental drift. (Credit: Getty Images)2019-05-13T13:15:23+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/02/14/something-large-moved-2-billion-years-ago/2019-05-13T13:12:55+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/02/04/a-stratigraphic-timeline-at-the-denisova-cave/2019-05-13T13:07:06+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/01/28/moocs-wheels-come-off-the-bandwagon/2019-05-13T13:05:58+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2019/01/21/impacts-increased-at-the-end-of-the-palaeozoic/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/f2f19-407458aa.2.jpg407458aa.2Blocky surface of a relatively young lunar crater (Credit: NASA)2019-05-13T13:03:26+00:00monthlyhttps://earthlogs.org/2018/12/27/pterosaurs-had-feathers-and-fur/https://earthlogs.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ede8c-407458aa.2.jpg407458aa.2Artist's impression of a Jurassic anurognathid pterosaur from China (Credit: Yang et al 2018; Fig. 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subducted slab 'walls' might form. (credit Karin Sigloch and Mitchell 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